Pesticides in Stream Sediment and Aquatic Biota: Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors

by Nowell; Lisa H.

• ISBN13: 9781566704694
• ISBN10: 1566704693
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-12-28
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

More than 20 years after the ban of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides, pesticides continue to be detected in air, rain, soil, surface water, bed sediment, and aquatic and terrestrial biota throughout the world. Recent research suggests that low levels of some of these pesticides may have the potential to affect the development, reproduction, and behavior of fish and wildlife, and possibly humans. Pesticides in Stream Sediment and Aquatic Biota: Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors assesses the occurrence and behavior of pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota-the two major compartments of the hydrologic system where organochlorine pesticides are most likely to accumulate. This book collects, for the first time, results from several hundred monitoring studies and field experiments, ranging in scope from individual sites to the entire nation. Comprehensive tables provide concise summaries of study locations, pesticides analyzed, and study outcomes. Comprehensive and extensively illustrated, Pesticides in Stream Sediment and Aquatic Biota: Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors evaluates the sources, environmental fate, geographic distribution, and long-term trends of pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota. The book focuses on organochlorine pesticides, but also assesses the potential for currently used pesticides to be found in bed sediment and aquatic biota. Topics covered in depth include the effect of land use on pesticide occurrence, mechanisms of pesticide uptake and accumulation by aquatic biota, and the environmental significance of observed levels of pesticides in stream sediment and aquatic biota.

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Series	v
Preface	vii
Editor's Note	ix
List of Figures	xix
List of Tables	xxvi
Conversion Factors	xxix
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms	xxx
Abstract	1	(2)
Introduction	3	(30)
Purpose	6	(1)
Previous Reviews	6	(1)
Approach	7	(26)
Characteristics of Studies Reviewed	33	(14)
General Design Features	35	(4)
Geographic Distribution	39	(1)
Temporal Distribution	39	(2)
Sampling Matrices	41	(1)
Target Analytes	42	(1)
Analytical Detection Limits	43	(4)
National Distribution and Trends	47	(148)
Pesticide Occurrence	47	(31)
Aggregate Detection Frequencies of Pesticides	48	(11)
Bias From Selection of Target Analytes	59	(9)
Comparison of Bed Sediment and Aquatic Biota	68	(1)
Pesticide Occurrence in Major National Monitoring Programs	68	(2)
The FDA's National Monitoring Program for Food and Feed	70	(1)
The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries--USEPA's National Pesticide Monitoring Program	70	(1)
The FWS's National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program	71	(1)
The USGS--USEPA's Pesticide Monitoring Network	72	(1)
The NOAA's National Status and Trends Program	73	(1)
The USEPA's National Study of Chemical Residues in Fish	74	(1)
Comparisons of Major National Programs	75	(3)
National Pesticide Use	78	(29)
Agricultural Use	78	(3)
Nonagricultural Uses	81	(1)
Home and Garden	82	(20)
Industrial, Commercial, and Government Buildings and Land	102	(1)
Subterranean Termite Control	102	(1)
Forestry	103	(1)
Trends and Conclusions	104	(3)
Geographic Distribution in Relation to Use	107	(74)
Historically Used Organochlorine Insecticides	109	(10)
Bed Sediment	119	(1)
Alin and Dieldrin	119	(4)
Total DDT	123	(13)
Aquantic Biota	136	(1)
Aldrin and Dieldrin	137	(4)
Chlordane	141	(9)
Total DDT	150	(1)
Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide	151	(6)
Mirex	157	(1)
Toxaphene	157	(13)
Currently Used Pesticides	170	(3)
Bed Sediment	173	(1)
Aquatic Biota	174	(1)
Dicofol, Linadane, and Methoxychlor	174	(1)
Endosulfan	175	(1)
Chlorpyrifos	176	(2)
Dacthal	178	(1)
Trifluralin	178	(1)
Other Currently Used Pesticides	178	(3)
Long-Term Trends	181	(14)
Historically Used Organochlorine Insecticides	181	(1)
Bed Sediment	181	(1)
Aquatic Biota	182	(1)
Aldrin and Dieldrin	182	(2)
Chlordane	184	(3)
Total DDT	187	(1)
Endrin	188	(1)
α-HCH	189	(1)
Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide	190	(1)
Hexachlorbenzene	190	(1)
Toxaphene	190	(2)
Currently Used Pesticides	192	(1)
Bed Sediment	192	(1)
Aquatic Biota	193	(1)
Lindane	193	(1)
Methoxychlor	193	(1)
Dacthal	194	(1)
Pentachloroanisole	194	(1)
Governing Processes	195	(34)
Pesticide Sources	195	(6)
Sources to Surface Water Systems	196	(1)
Agriculture	196	(1)
Forestry	197	(1)
Urban and Suburban Areas	197	(1)
Industrial Waste and Accidential Discharge	198	(1)
Atmospheric Deposition	199	(1)
Sources to Bed Sediment	199	(1)
The Water Column	199	(1)
Aquatic Biota	200	(1)
Ground Water	200	(1)
Sources to Aquatic Biota	201	(1)
The Water Column	201	(1)
Bed Sediment	201	(1)
Behavior and Fate of Pesticides in Bed Sediment	201	(12)
Phase-Transfer Processes	202	(1)
Sorption and Desorption	202	(2)
Charged Interactions	204	(1)
Transport Processes	205	(1)
Settling, Deposition, and Burial	205	(1)
Resuspension, Bioturbation, and Downstream Transport	206	(1)
Bed Sediment as a Long-Term Sink for Pesticides in Surface Water Systems	207	(1)
Transformation Processes	207	(2)
Hydrolysis	209	(1)
Oxidation and Reduction	210	(1)
Photochemical Reactions	211	(1)
Biotransformation	212	(1)
Behavior and Fate of Pesticides in Aquatic Biota	213	(16)
Phase-Transfer Processes	215	(1)
Passive Diffusion	215	(1)
Sorption and Desorption	216	(1)
Elimination	217	(1)
Tissue Decomposition	217	(1)
Transport Processes	218	(1)
Consumption by Predators	218	(1)
Migration or Downstream Movement	218	(1)
Reproduction	219	(1)
Biotransformation Processes	219	(2)
Oxidation	221	(2)
Reduction	223	(1)
Hydrolysis	224	(1)
Conjugation	225	(1)
Examples of Biotransformation Reactions	225	(4)
Analysis of Key Topics---Sources, Behavior, and Transport	229	(120)
Effect of Land Use on Pesticide Contamination	229	(10)
Agriculture	229	(2)
Forestry	231	(3)
Urban Areas and Industry	234	(3)
Remote or Undeveloped Areas	237	(2)
Pesticide Uptake and Accumulation by Aquatic Biota	239	(67)
Bioaccumulation Terminology and Simple Models	240	(1)
Biomagnification	241	(1)
Equilibrium Partitioning Theory	242	(2)
Evidence from Laboratory and Field Studies	244	(1)
Evidence of Biomagnification in the Field	244	(1)
Effect of Trophic Level on Contaminant Concentrations	244	(4)
Bioaccumulation Factors	248	(1)
Field Modeling	249	(1)
Testing Predictions of Equilibrium Partitioning Theory	250	(1)
Correlation Between Bioconcentration Factor and Chemical Properties	250	(2)
Fish/Sediment Concentration Ratios	252	(7)
Effect of Trophic Level on Fugacity	259	(1)
Lipid Normalization	259	(4)
Converging Theories of Bioaccumulation	263	(1)
Uptake Processes	263	(1)
Partitioning From Water	264	(1)
Uptake of Sediment-Sorbed Chemicals	265	(1)
Dietary Uptake and Biomagnification	265	(1)
Factors Affecting Route of Uptake	266	(4)
Elimination Processes	270	(4)
Biological Factors that Affect Bioaccumulation	274	(1)
Body Length, Body Weight, and Age	274	(5)
Lipid Content	279	(3)
Gill Ventilation Volume and Other Gill Characteristics	282	(1)
Blood Flow	283	(1)
Metabolism	283	(1)
Growth Rate	284	(1)
Reproductive State	285	(1)
Species	286	(1)
Tissue	287	(1)
Sex	288	(1)
Other Biological Factors	289	(1)
Interaction Among Biological Factors	289	(1)
Chemical Characteristics that Affect Bioaccumulation	289	(1)
Molecular Size, Shape, and Structure	290	(1)
Solubility	291	(3)
Chemical Stability	294	(1)
Environmental Conditions that Affect Bioaccumulation	295	(1)
Temperature	295	(1)
pH and Salinity	295	(1)
Dissolved Organic Matter and Particulate Concentrations	296	(1)
Oxygen Concentration	296	(1)
Other Enviornmental Conditions	296	(1)
Bioaccumulation Models	297	(1)
Steady-State or Equilibrium Partioning Models	298	(1)
Compartment-Based Kinetic Models	299	(4)
Physiologically Based Kinetic Models	303	(2)
Effect of Environmental and Physiological Conditions	305	(1)
Seasonal Changes in Pesticide Residues	306	(21)
Pesticide Use	307	(1)
Agricultural Sources	307	(3)
Industrial Sources	310	(1)
Weather-Driven and Streamflow-Related Events	311	(1)
Irrigation	312	(1)
Precipitation and Storm Events	313	(1)
Winter or Spring Snowmelt and Runoff	313	(1)
Reservior Water Release	314	(1)
Water Inflow to Estuaries	314	(1)
Agricultural Management Practices	314	(1)
Environmental Conditions	315	(1)
Ambient Water Concentrations	315	(1)
Temperature	316	(2)
Salinity	318	(1)
Turbidity	319	(1)
Vegetative or Snow Cover	319	(1)
Spring Turnover	319	(1)
Seasonal Biological Factors	320	(1)
Reproductive Cycle	320	(2)
Lipid Content	322	(1)
Enzyme Activity	323	(1)
Population Shifts	323	(1)
Feeding Activity, Growth Rate, Food Source, and Habitat Migration	323	(2)
Migration	325	(1)
Summary	326	(1)
Bed Sediment	326	(1)
Aquatic Biota	327	(1)
Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides in Sediment and Aquatic Biota	327	(15)
Properties that Control Accumulation in Sediment and Aquatic Biota	328	(1)
Hydrophobicity	328	(1)
Persistence	329	(1)
Chemodynamic Relations	330	(1)
Water Solubility and Soil Half-Life	331	(3)
n-Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient and Soil Half-Life	334	(1)
Predictions from Chemodynamic Relations	334	(8)
Composition of Total DDT as an Indicator of DDT Sources and Period of Use	342	(7)
Possible Sources of DDT Residues in the Environment	343	(1)
Environmental Fate of DDT	343	(1)
The DDT/Total DDT Ratio as an Indicator of Time in the Environment	344	(1)
Case Study: Salinas River and Blanco Drain	344	(1)
Case Study: California Soil Monitoring Survey	345	(1)
Conclusions	345	(1)
The DDT/Total DDT Ratio as an Indicator of DDD Use	346	(1)
The o,p'-DDX/Total DDT Ratio as an Indicator of Industrial Origin or Time in the Hydrologic System	346	(3)
Analysis of Key Topics---Environmental Significance	349	(118)
Effects of Pesticide Contaminants on Aquatic Organisms and Fish-Eating Wildlife	349	(69)
Toxicity to Organisms in the Water Column	351	(1)
USEPA's Water-Quality Criteria for Protection of Aquatic Organism	351	(6)
Pesticides in Whole Fish---Analysis of Potential Fish Toxicity	357	(2)
Fish Kills Attributed to Pesticides	359	(1)
Fish Diseases Associated with Chemical Residues	360	(1)
Toxicity to Benthic Organisms	360	(1)
Approaches to Assessing Sediment Quality	361	(1)
Sediment Background Approach	361	(1)
Equilibrium Partitioning Approach	362	(1)
Biological Effects Correlation Approach	362	(1)
Sediment Toxicity Approach	363	(1)
Definitions of Sediment Quality Guidelines	363	(1)
Sediment Background Levels (Lakes Huron and Superior)	363	(1)
USEPA's Sediment Quality Criteria	364	(1)
USEPA's Sediment Quality Advisory Levels	365	(1)
Apparent Effects Thresholds	365	(3)
Effects Range Values for Aquatic Sediment	368	(2)
Florida's Probable Effect Levels and Threshold Effect Levels	370	(1)
Canada's Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines	371	(1)
USEPA's Procedure for Classifying Sites by Probability of Adverse Effects	372	(1)
Modified Procedure for Classifying Studies by Probability of Adverse Effects	372	(2)
Pesticides in Bed Sediment---Comparison with Background Levels	374	(1)
Pesticides in Bed Sediment---Analysis of Potential Adverse Effects on Benthic Organisms	374	(4)
Aldrin and Dieldrin	378	(1)
Chlordane	379	(5)
DDT and Metabolites	384	(2)
Other Pesticides	386	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	390	(2)
Toxicity to Wildlife	392	(1)
Guidelines for Pesticides in Whole Fish	392	(1)
NAS/NAE's Guidelines for Protection of Fish-Eating Wildlife	392	(1)
New York's Fish Flesh Criteria for Piscivorous Wildlife	393	(1)
Pesticides in Whole Fish---Analysis of Potential Adverse Effects on Fish-Eating Wildlife	393	(11)
Aldrin and Dieldrin	404	(2)
Chlordane	406	(1)
DDT and Metabolites	406	(1)
Toxaphene	406	(4)
Other Pesticides	410	(1)
Summary	410	(1)
Other Toxicity Concerns	410	(1)
Effects of Chemical Mixtures	411	(1)
Potential Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Pesticides	412	(5)
Summary	417	(1)
Effects of Pesticide Contaminants in Aquatic Biota onHuman Health	418	(49)
Human Exposure to Pesticides	419	(1)
Pesticide Residues in Human Tissues	419	(1)
Breast Milk	419	(2)
Adipose Tissue	421	(1)
Blood	422	(1)
Other Human Tissues	423	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	424	(1)
Sources of Human Exposure to Pesticides	425	(2)
Dietary Intake of Pesticides	427	(3)
Potential Toxicity to Humans	430	(4)
Organochlorine Insecticides	434	(1)
Organophosphate Insecticides	435	(1)
Carbamate Insecticides	436	(1)
Pyrethroid Insecticides	436	(1)
Herbicides	436	(1)
Fungicides	437	(1)
Standards and Guidelines for Pesticides in Edible Fish and Shellfish	437	(1)
USEPA's Tolerances	438	(1)
FDA's Action Levels	439	(1)
USEPA's Guidance for Use in Fish Advisories	440	(4)
Pesticides in Edible Fish and Shellfish---Analysis of Potential Adverse Effects on Human Health	444	(4)
Aldrin and Dieldrin	448	(1)
Total Chlordane	448	(4)
Total DDT	452	(1)
Other Pesticides	453	(3)
Other Toxicity-Related Issues	456	(1)
Effect of Fish Preparation and Cooking on Pesticide Residues	456	(1)
Relative Cancer Risks	456	(3)
Exposure to Multiple Contaminants	459	(2)
Potential Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Pesticides	461	(2)
Summary	463	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	467	(400)
Appendix A
Table 2.1 Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers and estuaries in the United States: National and multistate monitoring studies	480	(69)
Appendix B
Table 2.2 Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers in the United States: State and local monitoring studies	549	(245)
Appendix C
Table 2.3 Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers in the United States: Process and matrix distribution studies	794	(32)
Appendix D
Common Names and Taxonomic Classifications of Aquatic Organisms Sampled in the Studies Reviewed	826	(10)
Appendix E
Glossary of Common and Chemical Names of Pesticides	836	(31)
References	867	(80)
Index	947