Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers : An Introduction to Ancient Egypt and Egyptology

by AMELIA

• ISBN13: 9780710308689
• ISBN10: 071030868X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Taylor and Fran

Summary

Originally published in 1891, this long out of print classic is republished here in its entirety. The work covers every aspect of Egyptology and its popularization as a subject of widening interest. It is a compendium of detail and yet extremely erudite and readable. An excellent work for someone who wants a systematic introduction to Ancient Egypt and Egyptology.

Table of Contents

The Explorer in Egypt	3	(34)
Our knowledge of Egypt ever on the increase
Continuous march of exploration
Foundation of the Egypt Exploration Fund in 1883
Egypt an inexhaustible mine of antiquities
Funerary customs of the ancient Egyptians
Approximate number of mummies embalmed during 4700 years
Egyptian mounds
How these mounds were formed, their growth and decay
Story of a typical mound
Excavation of a typical mound
Objects likely to be found in Egyptian mounds
Exploration in Upper Egypt
The tomb-pits of Upper Egypt
Exploration in Lower Egypt
Excavation of Tell Nebesheh in the Eastern Delta
Interesting antiquities discovered at Tell Nebesheh
Tell Defenneh
Hardships incidental to the work of exploration in Egypt
Necessary qualifications of the explorer
Homer in the Fayum
Definition of archæology
The explorer ``born, not made''
Discovery of Naukratis
Mr. Petrie
Ruins of the temples of Apollo, Hera, Zeus, and Aphrodite mentioned by Herodotus
``The potter's quarter''
The house of the scarabmaker
The house of the jeweller
Evolution of Greek from Egyptian art
Discovery of Masonic deposits
Great historical value of this discovery
Ceramic riches of Naukratis
The Buried Cities of Ancient Egypt	37	(33)
Extreme antiquity of the ancient Egyptian monarchy
The Horshesu, or ``Followers of Horus''
Probable age of the Great Sphinx
Wealth of Egypt in building material
The ancient Egyptians a nation of builders
Destruction of the mounds of the Delta by native laborers
Excavations conducted by the Egypt Exploration Fund
Archæological survey of Egypt recently undertaken by this society
``Pithom and Raamses''
The Hebrews in the Land of Goshen
Tell Abu Suleiman identified by Lepsius with Pithom and Tell-el-Maskhutah with ``Raamses''
Excavation of the mound of Maskhutah
M. Naville
Tell-el-Maskhutah proves to be ``Pithom of Succoth''
Identification of the route of the Exodus
Store-chambers of Pithom
Bricks of Pithom
Mr. Petrie's excavations at Tanis (Zoan)
The great temple of Tanis
The largest colossus ever sculptured by the hand of man
House of Bakakhiu at Tanis
Great discovery of papyri and other manuscripts
The granite shrine of Saft el-Henneh
Daphnæ of Pelusium
The camps of Psammetichus
Occupation of Daphnæ by Greek mercenary troops
Siege of Jerusalem (B.C. 585) and flight of the daughters of Zedekiah into Egypt
Settlement of the Hebrew fugitives at Daphnæ
The prophecy of Jeremiah
Mr. Petrie's excavations at Daphnæ (Tell Defenneh)
Palace-fort of Psammetichus I.
Masonic deposits of Psammetichus I.
Identification of the palace-fort with ``Pharaoh's House in Tahpanhes''
Discovery of the brick-work, or pavement, mentioned by Jeremiah
Historical testimony of the ruins of the palace-fort of Psammetichus
Conflicting testimony of Egyptian and Babylonian inscriptions
Discovery of clay cylinders of Nebuchadnezzar.
Portrait Painting in Ancient Egypt	70	(43)
Egyptian sculptures and paintings the oldest in the world
The art of drawing more ancient than that of sculpture
Prehistoric art
Subjects of the earliest Egyptian paintings
Treatment of the human figure by ancient Egyptian daughtsmen
Conventional coloring of ancient Egyptian artists
The skill with which Egyptian artists reproduced the ethnic types of foreign nations
Errors of ancient Egyptian artists
The same errors common to early art in all the nations of antiquity
Ancient Greek painting
The art of painted vases
Ancient criticisms and anecdotes of Polygnotus ; of Xeuxis ; of Apelles
Unparalleled luxury of the early Greek painters
The Proto-Homeric vases of Athens
Pliny on the priority of ancient Egyptian painting
Early relations between the Pelasgic Greeks and the ancient Egyptians
Inscription of Sankhara in the Valley of Hammamat
The Greeks in Egypt under the Eighteenth and later dynasties
Mr. Petrie's discoveries at Tell Kahun and Tell Gurob
Inscribed potsherds found in these mounds
Traces of Foreign settlers at Gurob
The Tursha identified by Lenormant with the Etruscans
Etruscan alphabetic signs at Tell Gurob
Comparative antiquity of the earliest Greek alphabets
Foreign captives in Egypt during the Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties
Momentous results of Mr. Petrie's discoveries
Special characteristics of the Egyptian School of figure-painting
The ``four races'' of men: the typical Syrian, the typical Egyptian, the typical Libyan, the typical Ethiopian
The tomb of Hui
The Sardinian in Egyptian art
The charioteer of the ``pre-Homeric'' vases
Archaic Greek painted ware of Daphnæ
Egyptian conventionalities reproduced in early Greek painting
First appearance of the Sphinx in Greek art
The Sphinx-plate of Naukratis
The wall-paintings of Etruria ; their relations to ancient Egyptian art
The Cervetri tomb of 1889
Etruscan reproduction of the conventionalities of Egyptian art
Genealogy of the French eagles
Discovery of the laws of chiaroscuro and foreshortening by Apollodorus
The Labyrinth ; its destruction by the Roman Government
Excavations by Mr. Petrie on the site of the Labyrinth
Ruins of the Roman town on the Labyrinth platform
Mixed character of its ancient population
Successive styles of mummification practised by the inhabitants of this town
The evolution of painting on panel from painted cartonnage and painted canvas
Painting in Egypt in the time of Hadrian
Reaction of Greek art upon Egytian art
Great discovery of panel-portraits in the Fayum
Methods employed by the Græco-Egyptian portrait painters of this period
The beeswax medium of Egypt not identical with the ``encaustic'' painting of the Greeks
Pigments employed by Græco-Egyptian painters
Various nationalities depicted in these portraits
Egyptian names of Greek and Roman settlers
Series of portraits of Greeks, Romans, Syrians, and Egyptians
Styles of jewelry depicted
Diogenes, the flautist
The elderly Roman
The lotus-bud necklace of Etruria an ancient Egyptian design
Antiquity of the ``Oxford pattern'' frame
Inequality of artistic merit in the Fayum portraits
Singularly modern character of the heads
Close resemblance of the ancient Greeks and Romans to the people of modern Europe and America
Unchanged racial types of Egypt, Nubia, and Palestine
Persistence of ancient Egyptian types
The Origin of Portrait Sculpture, and the History of the KA	113	(45)
Our interest in the past history of the human race
Great value of the art of portraiture as preserved to us in the sculptures of Assyria, Babylon, Susa, Persepolis, and ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian portraiture the most ancient in the world
Funerary portrait-statues of the Ancient Empire
Singular custom of immuring these statues
Ancient Egyptian notions regarding the nature of man
The Ka
Various definitions of the Ka
Portraits for the benefit of the Ka
Tablet of Pepi-Na
Tablet of Napu
Voracious appetite of the Ka
Funerary statues and paintings fashioned for the benefit of the Ka
The Ka identified with the life
The three names of the Pharaohs
Sculptured representations of the Ka
Remarkable tableaux of Amenhotep III. and his Ka in the Great Temple of Luxor
Association of the Ka with the ``ankh''
Historical sculptures of Seti I. and his Ka on the walls of the Great Temple of Karnak
Invariable inscription accompanying royal Kas
Concrete mode of thought of the ancient Egyptians
Reasons why the Ka needed food and drink offerings
Greek conception of life borrowed from Egyptian sources
The Hebrew notion of the ``Khai,'' or ``life,'' identical with the Egyptian Ka
Extreme truth to nature of Egyptian Ka-statues
Egyptian funerary portrait-statues carefully studied from the life
The leading schools of Egyptian art
Great superiority of the earliest Egyptian school of portraiture
The oldest historical portrait-statue known
Group of Queen Mertetefs, her Ka, and private secretary, at Leyden
Semnefer and his wife
General Ra-hotep and Princess Nefert
The ``Wooden Man'' of Bulak
Funerary statue of Ti
Admirable anatomical development of the ``Cross-legged Scribe''
The Memphite School represents the finest period of Egyptian portraiture
Erroneous estimate commonly formed of the merits of Egyptian sculpture
Comparison of the sculptures of ancient Egypt with those of ancient Greece
The Twelfth Dynasty school
The Hyksos school
The colossal sitting statues of Bubastis
The Eighteenth Dynasty school
Colossal head of Queen Hatasu
The Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties register a new phase of Egyptian art
Semitic characteristics of this school
Remarkable family likeness of the Pharaohs of the two Ramesside dynasties
Art of portraiture in wood, as preserved in the mummy-cases of this time
Colossal mummy-case of Queen Ahmes Nefertari
Beautiful mask of Rameses II.
Probability that this mask may represent Her-Hor
Egypt the Birthplace of Greek Decorative Art	158	(35)
The irresistible fascination of Egyptology
Ancient Egyptian civilization the earliest known
Extent of the debt of the early Greeks to the ancient Egyptians
First mention of the Greeks upon the monuments of Egypt
The ``Hanebu''
The Danæans in the time of Thothmes III.
The earliest portrait of a Greek in the world
Greeks of Thrace and Asia Minor, in alliance with the Syrian nations, invade Egypt in the time of Rameses II.
Armor of the Achæans
The Greek greave as an Egyptian hieroglyph
Carian and Ionian Greek troops of Psammetichus I.
Daphnæ of Pelusium, an early Greek settlement
Establishment of Greek traders at Naukratis
The æsthetic debt of Greece to Egypt
The earliest known examples of Greek architecture, sculpture, and decorative design copied from Egyptian sources
Wall and ceiling decoration of the rock-cut tombs of Beni-Hasan
Spiral ornament of Mycenæ
Spiral of Beni-Hasan
The herz-blatt and key patterns of Greece copied from Beni-Hasan designs
The ceiling pattern of the treasury of Minyas at Orchomenos
This pattern reproduces the cornice patterns of Beni-Hasan
``Proto-Doric'' columns of the Beni-Hasan tombs
Comparison of these columns with Greek Doric
Egyptian origin of the Ionic capital
The Ionic capital derived from the lotus of the Nile
The lotus in nature and the lotus in art
The conventional lotus of Egyptian art
The earliest temple known to belong to the Ionic order discovered by Mr. Petrie at Naukratis
Egyptian origin of the Anthemion and Palmette
Egyptian origin of the ``honeysuckle'' pattern of the Greeks
Early Greek painted vases found at Daphnæ
Florid development of Egyptian lotus pattern by Greek potters
The lotus pattern in Greek goldsmith's work
Various religious conceptions of the ancient Egyptians borrowed by the Greeks
The Egyptian soul, or Ba, transformed into the harpy and syren of Greek art
Egyptian character of early Greek statues
The Literature and Religion of Ancient Egypt	193	(41)
Literary activity not a necessary result of the possession of an alphabet
Importance of a material on which to write
Pastoral and literary tendencies of the ancient Egyptians
Great antiquity of papyrus as a writing material
``The oldest book in the world''
Second dynasty tablet at Oxford
Varied character of ancient Egyptian literature
Greek and Roman papyri found in Egypt
Homer in Egypt
No contemporary history of ancient Egypt yet discovered
The lost history of Manetho
Peculiar characteristics of ancient Egyptian poetry
``Chant of Victory'' of Thothmes III.
The heroic poem of Pentaur
This poem composed in commemoration of the victory of Rameses II. over the allied forces of Syria and Asia Minor
Stratagem of the Hittites
Brilliant feat of arms of Rameses II.
The battle of Kadesh
Poetic treatment of the facts by Pentaur
Introduction of the Deus ex machina
Literary style of the poem
Its reproduction on the walls of various great temples in Egypt
A copy on papyrus in the British Museum
Great tableau of the battle of Kadesh at Abu-Simbel
Curious incident of the drowning of the Prince of Aleppo
The scientific literature of the ancient Egyptians
Its value purely archæological
Astronomical observations of the ancient Egyptians
Their knowledge of the movement of the earth
Mathematical papyri
Medical papyri
The Ebers medical papyrus
Unpleasant character of ancient Egyptian pharmacopæia
The moral philosophy of the ancient Egyptians
The maxims of Ptah-hotep
The maxims of the scribe Ani
Romantic literature of the ancient Egyptians
Egyptian origin of Æsop's fables, and of various well-known popular tales
The story of Rhodopis
The tale of the two brothers
The taking of Joppa
The doomed prince
The shipwrecked mariner
Historic characters introduced into ancient Egyptian fiction
Popular poetry of the ancient Egyptians
A love song
Threshing song from the tomb of Pahiri
The religion of ancient Egypt
Its obscurity and diversity
Religions of various periods
Was monotheism the fundamental principle of the ancient Egyptian religion?
Theories of M. Pierret and Dr. Brugsch
Barbaric origin of the ancient Egyptians
The prehistoric Egyptians and the North American Indians
The ``totems'' of the North American Indians
Importance of a tribal name among barbaric and semi-civilized communities
Totemism common to all quarters of the globe
Totemism the origin of animal worship
Totemism of the prehistoric Egyptians
Subsequent evolution of the Egyptian religion
Exalted pantheism of Ra-worship
Local character of the monotheism of the ancient Egyptians
Great local deities identified one with another
The ancient Egyptians the first people to recognize the immortality of the soul
``The negative confession''
Ancient Egyptian standard of morality
The Hieroglyphic Writing of the Ancient Egyptians	234	(27)
A new definition of the genus homo
The infancy of writing and the infancy of language
Limited vocabulary of prehistoric man
Writing a spontaneous growth
The beginnings of writing everywhere the same
Picture-writing
The picture-writing of the Hittites, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Chinese
The origin of picture-writing
Message of the Scythians to Darius
Object-writing the natural predecessor of picture-writing
Picture-writing of Mexico
The tribute-lists of the Mexican kings
General picture-written literature of the Mexicaus
Picture-writing of the North American Indians
A petition of certain Indian chiefs
Incised sketches and bone drawings of prehistoric times
Pre-historic Egypt
The age of the ``Horshesu'' the probable age of Egyptian picture-writing
Successive stages of Egyptian writing
Ideography
Pictorial phonetism
Monosyllabic character of the earliest Egyptian vocabulary
Common objects of daily life the origin of hieroglyphic characters
Transition from pictorial phonetism to alphabetism
Immense antiquity of the ancient Egyptian alphabet
This alphabet the parent stock of all the alphabets of Europe
The way in which the alphabet was formed
The hieroglyphic alphabet as commonly in use
Conservatism of the ancient Egyptians
Egyptian spelling
Alphabetism in common with ideography
Determinating hieroglyphs
Determinatives of sound
Determinatives of sense
Generic determinatives
The great number and variety of hieroglyphic signs
Pictorial character of hieroglyphic signs
Their archæological and scientific value
Part played by the human figure in the hieroglyphic system
The study of hieroglyphs
Its facilities and difficulties
Perplexing simplicity of ancient Egyptian thought
Hieroglyphs relating to the sky, night, day, rain, and the like, with their esoteric meanings
The hieroglyph for ``land,'' and its interpretation
Survival of ancient Egyptian words in European languages
Ancient name of Egypt in hieroglyphs
Hieroglyphic spellings of various words in common use
Other scripts in use by the ancient Egyptians
Necessity for a cursive writing
The hieratic script an abridgment of the hieroglyphic
Characteristics of the hieratic at various periods
The demotic script
The demotic script an abridgment of the hieratic
Great wealth of European museums in demotic documents
Classification of the three writings of the Egyptians
Obscure origin of the Egyptian language
The Egyptian language a member of the Khamitic family of tongues
The Khamitic and Semitic languages derived from a common prehistoric parent
The Egyptian verb as described
Mr. Le Page Renou
Queen Hatasu, and Her Expedition to the Land of Punt	261
Queen Hatasu
Her birth and parentage
Important historical inscriptions at Karnak
Accession of Queen Hatasu during her father's lifetime
Throne name of Hatasu
Her marriage to Thothmes II.
Recent discovery by M. Grebaut of the chapel of Prince Uatmes
The mothers of Thothmes II. and Thothmes III.
Incorrectness of the assumption that Hatasu was a usurper
Hatasu as Pharaoh
Profound peace during her reign
Her works of building and restoration
Obelisks of Hatasu at Karnak
Great temple of Hatasu on the western bank of the Nile
Novelty of its design
Sen-Maut the architect
Restoration of the temple of Dayr-el-Bahari
M. Brune
The chamber of the cow at Dayr-el-Bahari
Portrait of Queen Hatasu as a young prince
Hatasu despatches a maritime expedition to the land of Punt
This expedition depicted on the walls of her temple at Dayr-el-Bahari
Construction of the vessels built for this expedition
Strength of the expedition
Probable route taken by the exploring squadron
The ancient canal in the Wady Tumilat probably constructed by Hatasu
Arrival of the squadron
Gifts of Queen Hatasu to the Prince of Punt
The Princess of Punt and her personal peculiarities
The odoriferous sycamores of Punt
Pliny's description of the myrrh-tree of ``the land of the Troglodytes''
Identity of this tree with the ``Ana-sycamore''
Landing of the Egyptian ships with sycamore saplings, ivory, ebony, and other products of Punt
Banquet offered to the Prince of Punt by the royal Envoy
Return of the squadron, to Thebes
Processional subjects depicted in these tableaux: the procession from the ships, the procession of welcome, the procession of the Queen, sacrifice in the temple of Amen at Karnak, solemn visit of the naval expedition to the temple of Dayr-el-Bahari
Close of the reign of Hatasu wrapped in obscurity
Wholesale forgeries of Thothmes III.
Discovery of the tomb of Hatasu
Mr. Rhind
Extant relics of Queen Hatasu
Throne-chair of Queen Hatasu