Pharmaceutical and Clinical Calculations, 2nd Edition

by Kahn; Mansoor A.

• ISBN13: 9781566768122
• ISBN10: 1566768128
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-04-06
• Publisher: CRC

Summary

Provides calculations involving various dosage forms in a well-organized manner. Includes prerequisite mathematics review, systems of measurement, prescription and medication orders, and principles of weighing and measuring. Covers tablets, powders, ointments, creams, oral liquids, capsules, and more. For pharmacy students. Previous edition: c1997.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. ix
Preface	p. xi
Prerequisite Mathematics Review	p. 1
Numbers and Numerals	p. 1
Arabic and Roman Numerals	p. 1
Fractions	p. 3
Decimals	p. 8
Ratio and Proportion	p. 12
Percentage	p. 14
Percent Concentration Expressions	p. 15
Dilution and Concentration	p. 17
Density and Specific Gravity	p. 19
Systems of Measurement	p. 23
The Metric System	p. 23
Apothecaries' System	p. 27
The Avoirdupois System	p. 29
The Household System	p. 30
Interconversions	p. 33
Prescription and Medication Orders	p. 37
Types of Prescriptions	p. 38
Components of Prescriptions	p. 38
Label on the Container	p. 40
Medication Order	p. 40
Common Latin Terms and Abbreviations	p. 42
Medications and Their Directions for Use	p. 46
Prescription Problems	p. 54
Errors and Omissions	p. 58
Principles of Weighing and Measuring	p. 73
Prescription Balance and Sensitivity Requirement	p. 73
Aliquot Method for Solids	p. 77
Liquid Measurements	p. 80
Aliquot Method for Liquids	p. 80
Calculations Involving Oral Liquids	p. 87
Calculations Associated with Bulk Preparations	p. 88
Calculation of Doses	p. 91
Percentage Strength Calculations of Oral Liquids	p. 94
Dilution and Concentration	p. 96
Milliequivalent Calculations of Oral Electrolyte Solutions	p. 101
Dosage Calculations Involving Milliequivalents	p. 104
Calculations Involving Capsules, Tablets, and Powder Dosage Forms	p. 107
Strength of Dosages	p. 107
Extemporaneous Filling of Capsules	p. 110
Compounding Tips and Calculations for Filling Powder Prescriptions	p. 124
Calculations Involving Ointments, Creams, and Other Semisolids	p. 129
Compounding Tips	p. 129
Calculations Associated with Bulk Preparations	p. 130
Percentage Strength Calculations of Semisolid Preparations	p. 133
Dilution and Concentration	p. 138
Calculations Involving Topical Ophthalmic, Nasal, and Otic Preparations	p. 149
Isotonicity	p. 149
Calculation of Dissociation (I) Factor	p. 151
Sodium Chloride Equivalents of Drug Substances	p. 152
Isotonicity Adjustments by Sodium Chloride Equivalent Methods	p. 154
Tonicity Agents Other than Sodium Chloride	p. 158
Isotonicity Adjustments by Cryoscopic Method	p. 163
Volumes of Iso-Osmotic Solutions	p. 167
pH Adjustment	p. 171
Conversion of Hydrogen Ion Concentration to pH	p. 171
Conversion of pH to Hydrogen Ion Concentration	p. 172
Buffers	p. 174
Calculations Involving pH Value of a Buffer	p. 176
Molar Ratio of Buffer Components in a Buffer	p. 177
Calculations Involving Suppositories	p. 181
Displacement Value	p. 183
Preparation of Suppositories with Cocoa Butter	p. 186
Calculations Invovling Injectable Medications	p. 191
Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluids	p. 191
Insulin Dosage	p. 195
Heparin Dosage	p. 201
Calculations Involving Reconstitution of Dry Powders	p. 203
Milliequivalents and Milliosmoles	p. 206
Calculations Involving Nutrition	p. 213
Calculations of Calories	p. 213
Parenteral Hyperalimentation	p. 218
Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) Calculations	p. 223
Geriatric Nutrition	p. 228
Pediatric Nutrition	p. 230
Calculation of Doses and Dose Adjustments	p. 233
Plasma Concentration Versus Time Profile	p. 234
Some Pharmacokinetic Parameters	p. 235
Fraction of Drug Absorbed and the Dosing Interval	p. 242
Clearance	p. 245
Loading and Maintenance Doses	p. 250
Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure	p. 254
Dose Adjustments in Hepatic Failure	p. 261
Pediatric and Geriatric Dosing	p. 263
Dosage Calculations Based on Age	p. 264
Dosage Calculations Based on Body Weight	p. 268
Dosage Calculation Based on Body Surface Area	p. 269
Dosage Regimen in Patients Using Aminoglycosides	p. 274
Critical Care	p. 279
Pediatric Critical Care	p. 284
Calculations Involving Immunizing Agents and Vaccines	p. 289
Bacterial Vaccines	p. 289
Viral Vaccines	p. 293
Toxoids	p. 295
Calculations Involving Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 299
Units of Radioactivity	p. 299
Half-Life of Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 302
Mean Life	p. 303
Radioactive Decay of Radioisotopes	p. 305
Percentage Activity	p. 308
Dispensing of Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 310
Review Problems	p. 315
Answers to Practice Problems	p. 343
Answers to Review Problems	p. 365
Appendix A	p. 373
Appendix B	p. 377
Appendix C	p. 381
Appendix D	p. 383
Appendix E	p. 387
Suggested Readings	p. 391
Index	p. 393
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