Recently, much knowledge has been gained by several research groups in the pharmaceuticals industry. Gives an overview of the topic, with various contributions, all covering typical questions related to pharmaceuticals in the environment, are presented.

Introduction: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment	p. 1
Emission, Occurrence, Fate and Effects	p. 9
Effects on Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - an Overview and Principle Considerations	p. 11
Environmental Loads and Detection of Pharmaceuticals in Italy	p. 19
Emission and Biodegradability of Pharmaceuticals, Contrast Media, Disinfectants and AOX from Hospitals	p. 29
Emissions from Clinical-Chemical Laboratories	p. 43
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Focus on 17[alpha]-ethinyloestradiol	p. 49
What Do We Know about Antibiotics in the Environment?	p. 67
Antibiotics in the Environment: Zinc Bacitracin - Environmental Toxicity and Breakdown	p. 77
Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment and their Significance for Drinking Water Production	p. 81
Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modelling Distribution and Fate	p. 91
Risk Assessment	p. 103
Risk Assessment of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment	p. 105
Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals	p. 123
Worst-Case Estimations of Predicted Environmental Soil Concentrations (PEC) of Selected Veterinary Antibiotics and Residues Used in Danish Agriculture	p. 143
Regulatory and Methodological Aspects Concerning the Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products; Need for Research	p. 159
A Data-based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals I - Collation of Available Ecotoxicity Data	p. 175
A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals II - Aquatic Risk Characterisation	p. 203
A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals III- Indirect Human Exposure	p. 221
The ECO-SHADOW Concept - A New Way of Following Environmental Impacts of Antimicrobials	p. 231
Perspectives	p. 237
Present Knowledge and Need for Further Research	p. 239
Subject Index	p. 247
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