Pharmacology And Pathophysiology Of The Control Of Breathing

by Ward; Denham S.

• ISBN13: 9780824758905
• ISBN10: 0824758900
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-05-24
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Exploring the functional anatomy and physiology of the ventilatory control system from the intracellular to the integrative level, this references serves as the first source to offer comprehensive coverage of the influences of various pharmacological agents on the control of breathing. Edited by seasoned authorities in the field, this resource examines the most recent findings concerning anesthesia-related respiratory effects, discusses the field of respiratory physiology from bench to bedside, presents new and state-of-the-art findings on the cellular mechanisms of oxygen sensing, and contains new research on ion channels, receptors, and neurotransmitters involved in respiratory control.

Table of Contents

I. NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY	1	(292)
1 Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Sensors of Metabolic Status	3	(18)
Colin A. Nurse
I. Introduction	3	(1)
II. Cellular Organization and Innervation of the Carotid Body	4	(2)
III. Carotid Body Chemoreceptors: O2-Sensitive K+ Channels	6	(2)
IV. What is the O2 Sensor and How is it Linked to K+ Channel(s)?	8	(1)
V. Role of Fast-Acting Neurotransmitters in Chemosensory Processing	8	(4)
VI. Glucose Sensing in the Carotid Body	12	(1)
VII. Neuromodulation in the Carotid Body	12	(3)
VIII. Future Directions	15	(1)
Acknowledgments	15	(1)
References	16	(5)
2. Central Chemoreceptors	21	(50)
Luc J. Teppema and Albert Dahan
I. Introduction	21	(3)
II. Location of Central Chemoreceptors	24	(14)
III. Mechanism of Central Chemoreception	38	(9)
IV. Central Chemoreceptors and Breathing	47	(8)
References	55	(16)
3. Suprapontine Control of Breathing	71	(32)
Shakeeb H. Moosavi, David Paydarfar, and Steven A. Shea
I. Introduction	71	(1)
II. Definitions and Terminology	72	(1)
III. Volitional Control	72	(3)
IV. Involuntary Emotional Influences	75	(9)
V. Tonic Excitatory and Inhibitory Drives	84	(2)
VI. Interaction between 'Behavioral' and 'Automatic' Control	86	(2)
VII. Learned Respiratory Behaviors	88	(2)
VIII. Summary	90	(1)
Acknowledgments	91	(1)
References	91	(12)
4. Measurement of Drug Effects on Ventilatory Control	103	(30)
Denham S. Ward
I. Introduction	103	(3)
II. Measurement Techniques	106	(2)
III. Quantification of Drug Pharmacodynamics	108	(1)
IV. Resting Measurements	109	(1)
V. Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response	110	(7)
VI. Hypoxic Ventilatory Response	117	(3)
VII. Changes in Airway Pressure	120	(2)
VIII. Other Stimuli	122	(2)
References	124	(9)
5. Response Surface Modeling of Drug Interactions: Model Selection and Multimodel Inference Using the Bootstrap	133	(22)
Erik Olefsen and Albert Dahan
I. Introduction	133	(1)
II. Pharmacodynamic Interaction Models	134	(3)
III. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference	137	(3)
IV. The Bootstrap	140	(3)
V. Applications	143	(8)
VI. Conclusions	151	(1)
References	152	(3)
6. Respiratory Neuroplasticity: Respiratory Gases, Development, and Spinal Injury	155	(70)
David D. Fuller, Gordon S. Mitchell, and Ryan W. Bavis
I. Introduction	155	(3)
II. Plasticity Induced by Respiratory Gases in Adult Mammals	158	(16)
III. Developmental Plasticity and the Control of Breathing	174	(13)
IV. Sex Hormones	187	(1)
V. Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Respiratory Plasticity	187	(11)
VI. Conclusion	198	(1)
Acknowledgments	199	(1)
References	199	(26)
7. Airway Reflexes in Humans	225	(36)
Takashi Nishino
I. Introduction	225	(1)
II. Central Nervous System	226	(1)
III. Afferent Innervation of the Upper Airway and Receptors	226	(3)
IV. Reflex Responses from the Upper Airway	229	(5)
V. Afferent Innervation of the Lower Airway and Receptors	234	(4)
VI. Integrative Aspects of the Airway Reflexes Elicited from the Lower Airways	238	(6)
VII. Clinical Problems Associated with Airway Reflexes	244	(6)
VIII. Conclusions	250	(1)
Acknowledgments	251	(1)
References	251	(10)
8. Inheritance and Ventilatory Behavior in Animal Models	261	(32)
Kingman P. Strohl
I. Introduction	262	(1)
II. Evidence and Implications for Inheritance of Ventilatory Traits in Humans	262	(4)
III. Targeting Ventilatory Traits in Small Animals	266	(5)
IV. Evidence for the Inheritance of Ventilatory Traits in Rodents	271	(3)
V. Estimates of the Strength of Inheritance	274	(2)
VI. Studies of Gene Effects in Rodent Models	276	(3)
VII. A Physiogenetic Map of Ventilatory Behavior	279	(3)
VIII. Overview and Future Directions	282	(1)
Acknowledgments	283	(1)
References	283	(10)
II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY	293	(130)
9. Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome: Should We Rename it Congenital Autonomopathy?	295	(18)
David Gozal
I. Introduction	295	(1)
II. Definition and Diagnosis	296	(2)
III. Pathophysiology	298	(2)
IV. Animal Models	300	(1)
V. Structural Central Nervous System Abnormalities	300	(1)
VI. Physiologic Abnormalities of Ventilatory Control	301	(3)
VII. Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction	304	(1)
VIII. Summary and Conclusions	304	(1)
Acknowledgment	304	(1)
References	304	(9)
10. Upper Airway Obstruction in Sleep Apnea	313	(44)
Susheel P. Patil, Hartmut Schneider, Philip L. Smith, and Alan R. Schwartz
I. Introduction	313	(1)
II. Epidemiologic and Clinical Risk Factors	314	(3)
III. Pathogenesis of Upper Airway Obstruction	317	(16)
IV. Therapeutic Implications	333	(2)
V. Summary and Conclusions	335	(1)
References	336	(21)
11. High Altitude	357	(26)
Frank L. Powell and Philip E. Bickler
I. Introduction	357	(1)
II. Ventilatory Response to High Altitude	358	(2)
III. Time Domains of the HVR	360	(12)
IV. Increases in the Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response (HCVR) with Acclimatization	372	(1)
V. High Altitude Diseases and Ventilatory Control	372	(4)
References	376	(7)
12. Obesity and the Control of Breathing	383	(40)
Khalid F. Almoosa and Shahrokh Javaheri
I. Introduction	383	(1)
II. Overview of Obesity	384	(4)
III. Effects of Obesity on the Respiratory System	388	(11)
IV. Disorders of Ventilatory Control Associated with Obesity	399	(9)
V. Effects of Treatment of Obesity and OSAH on Ventilatory Control and Paco2	408	(4)
VI. Conclusion	412	(1)
References	412	(11)
III. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY	423	(392)
13. Pain Management and Regional Anesthesia	425	(88)
Peter L. Bailey and Rajbala Thakur
I. Introduction	425	(1)
II. Postoperative Respiratory Dysfunction	426	(7)
III. Other Effects of Pain and Surgical Trauma	433	(5)
IV. Pain Control and Chronic Pain	438	(1)
V. Effects of Pain and Pain Management on Respiratory Function	438	(16)
VI. Regional Analgesia	454	(19)
VII. Other Analgesic Agents	473	(10)
VIII. Pre-Emptive Analgesia	483	(1)
IX. Perioperative Analgesia and Pulmonary Outcome	483	(4)
X. Cardiac Surgery	487	(2)
XI. Summary	489	(1)
References	490	(23)
14. Ventilatory Effects of Medications Used for Moderate and Deep Sedation	513	(58)
Jeffrey B. Gross and Dante A. Cerza
I. Introduction	513	(3)
II. Sedatives	516	(24)
III. Opioids	540	(13)
IV. Drug Combinations	553	(4)
V. Strategies for Minimizing Respiratory Risks of Sedation	557	(2)
VI. Conclusion	559	(1)
References	559	(12)
15. Central Effects of General Anesthesia	571	(82)
Eckehard A.E. Stuth, Edward J. Zuperku, and Astrid G. Stucke
I. Introduction	571	(1)
II. General Effects of Anesthetics on Respiration	572	(11)
III. Anesthetic Effects on Fast Synaptic Neurotransmission	583	(14)
IV. Overview of the Brainstem Respiratory Network	597	(16)
V. Paradigms of Anesthetic Effects on Respiratory Neurotransmission	613	(17)
VI. Summary and Outlook	630	(1)
Acknowledgment	630	(1)
References	630	(23)
16. The Influence of Inhalational Anesthetics on Carotid Body Mediated Ventilatory Responses	653	(34)
Albert Dahan, Raymonda Romberg, Elise Sarton, and Luc J. Teppema
I. Introduction	653	(2)
II. Influence of Inhalational Anesthetics on the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia	655	(16)
III. Pain and Behavioral Responses	671	(3)
IV. Short-Term Potentiation of Breathing (STP)	674	(3)
V. Conclusions	677	(1)
References	677	(10)
17. General Anesthesia and Respiratory Mechanics	687	(50)
David O. Warner
I. Introduction	687	(1)
II. Normal Function of the Respiratory Pump	688	(6)
III. Effects of Anesthesia on Chest Wall Mechanics	694	(15)
IV. Effects of Anesthesia on Upper Airway Mechanics	709	(5)
V. Effects of Anesthesia on Lung Mechanics	714	(8)
VI. Summary	722	(1)
References	722	(15)
18. Recovery from Anesthesia	737	(42)
Shiroh Isono and Jacob Rosenberg
I. Introduction	737	(1)
II. Impairment and Recovery of Upper Airway Function after Anesthesia	738	(12)
III. Impairment and Recovery of Chemical Control of Breathing after Anesthesia	750	(2)
IV. Impairment and Recovery of Lung Function after Surgery	752	(3)
V. Late Postoperative Nocturnal Hypoxemia	755	(9)
References	764	(15)
19. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and Ventilation	779	(14)
Lars L Eriksson
I. Regulation of Breathing	780	(5)
II. Respiratory Pump Function and the Control of the Upper Airways	785	(4)
References	789	(4)
20. Cardiovascular Drugs and the Control of Breathing	793	(22)
Denham S. Ward and Suzanne Karan
I. Introduction	793	(1)
II. Catecholamine Agonists and Antagonists	794	(6)
III. Renin-Angiotensin System	800	(1)
IV. Calcium Channel Blockers	801	(1)
V. Purinoceptor Agonists and Antagonists	802	(2)
VI. Other Agents	804	(1)
References	805	(10)
Author Index	815	(8)
Subject Index	823