Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators

by Enrico Rubiola

• ISBN13: 9780521886772
• ISBN10: 0521886775
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-12-08
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Presenting a comprehensive account of oscillator phase noise and frequency stability, this practical text is both mathematically rigorous and accessible. An in-depth treatment of the noise mechanism is given, describing the oscillator as a physical system, and showing that simple general laws govern the stability of a large variety of oscillators differing in technology and frequency range. Inevitably, special attention is given to amplifiers, resonators, delay lines, feedback, and flicker (1/f) noise. The reverse engineering of oscillators based on phase-noise spectra is also covered, and end-of-chapter exercises are given. Uniquely, numerous practical examples are presented, including case studies taken from laboratory prototypes and commercial oscillators, which allow the oscillator internal design to be understood by analyzing its phase-noise spectrum. Based on tutorials given by the author at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, international IEEE meetings, and in industry, this is a useful reference for academic researchers, industry practitioners, and graduate students in RF engineering and communications engineering.

Author Biography

Enrico Rubiola is a Senior Scientist at the CNRS FEMTO-ST Institute and a Professor at the Universite de Franche Comte. With previous position as a Professor at the Universite Henri Poincare, Nancy, and in Italy at the University Parma and the Politecnico di Torino, he has also consulted at the NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory. His research interests include low-noise oscillators, phase/frequency-noise metrology, frequency synthesis, atomic frequency standards, radio-navigation systems, precision electronics from dc to microwaves, optics, and gravitation.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. ix
Foreword	p. xii
Preface	p. xv
How to use this book	p. xvi
Supplementary material	p. xviii
Notation	p. xix
Phase noise and frequency stability	p. 1
Narrow-band signals	p. 1
Physical quantities of interest	p. 5
Elements of statistics	p. 9
The measurement of power spectra	p. 13
Linear and time-invariant (LTI) systems	p. 19
Close-in noise spectrum	p. 22
Time-domain variances	p. 25
Relationship between spectra and variances	p. 29
Experimental techniques	p. 30
Exercises	p. 33
Phase noise in semiconductors and amplifiers	p. 35
Fundamental noise phenomena	p. 35
Noise temperature and noise figure	p. 37
Phase noise and amplitude noise	p. 42
Phase noise in cascaded amplifiers	p. 49
*Low-flicker amplifiers	p. 52
*Detection of microwave-modulated light	p. 62
Exercises	p. 65
Heuristic approach to the Leeson effect	p. 67
Oscillator fundamentals	p. 67
The Leeson formula	p. 72
The phase-noise spectrum of real oscillators	p. 75
Other types of oscillator	p. 82
Phase noise and feedback theory	p. 88
Resonator differential equation	p. 88
Resonator Laplace transform	p. 92
The oscillator	p. 96
Resonator in phase space	p. 101
Proof of the Leeson formula	p. 111
Frequency-fluctuation spectrum and Allan variance	p. 116
**A different, more general, derivation of the resonator phase response	p. 117
**Frequency transformations	p. 121
Noise in delay-line oscillators and lasers	p. 125
Basic delay-line oscillator	p. 125
Optical resonators	p. 128
Mode selection	p. 130
The use of a resonator as a selection filter	p. 133
Phase-noise response	p. 138
Phase noise in lasers	p. 143
Close-in noise spectra and Allan variance	p. 145
Examples	p. 146
Oscillator hacking	p. 150
General guidelines	p. 150
About the examples of phase-noise spectra	p. 154
Understanding the quartz oscillator	p. 154
Quartz oscillators	p. 156
Oscilloquartz OCXO 8600 (5 MHz AT-cut BVA)	p. 156
Oscilloquartz OCXO 8607 (5 MHz SC-cut BVA)	p. 159
Rakon Pharao 5 MHz quartz oscillartor	p. 162
FEMTO-ST LD-cut quartz oscillator(10 MHz)	p. 164
Agilent 10811 quartz (10 MHz)	p. 166
Agilent noise-degeneration oscillator(10 MHz)	p. 167
Wenzel 501-04263 (100 MHz SC-cut quartz)	p. 171
The origin of instability in quartz oscillators	p. 172
Microwave oscillators	p. 175
Miteq DRO mod. D-210B	p. 175
Poseidon DRO-10.4-FR (10.4 GHz)	p. 177
Poseidon Shoebox (10 GHz sapphire resonator)	p. 179
UWA liquid-N whispering-gallery 9 GHz oscillator	p. 182
Optoelectronic oscillators	p. 185
NIST 10 GHz opto-electronic oscillator(OEO)	p. 185
OEwaves Tidalwave (10 GHz OEO)	p. 188
Exercises	p. 190
Laplace transforms	p. 192
References	p. 196
Index	p. 202
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