Philosopher's Way, Teaching and Learning Classroom Edition, The: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas

by Chaffee, John

• ISBN13: 9780130480699
• ISBN10: 013048069X
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780136141389
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

This dynamic volume is designed to teach readers to become critical thinkers as they explore the influential thinkers and central themes of Philosophy from ancient times to the present. In addition to the conceptual and language subject matter, this presentation ignites readers' sense of wonder through an innovative design, substantive readings, innovative writing assignments and thinking activities that provide readers with the opportunity to learn and practice the conceptual abilities needed to think philosophically. The volume examines thinking philosophically about life, consciousness, identity and the soul, freedom and determinism, developing enlightened values, exploring ways of being religious, constructing knowledge and discovering truth, developing an integrated view of reality, understanding creative expression and political forms, as well as social justice, and concepts of utopia. For individuals interested in learning to think philosophically.

Table of Contents

Teaching and Learning Classroom Resources	xxiv
Preface	xxvi
The Primary Source Contents	xxx
What is Philosophy? Thinking Philosophically About Life	2	(42)
Philosophy: The Art of Wonder	4	(2)
``Having'' a Philosophy Versus ``Doing'' Philosophy	6	(2)
Think Philosophically My Philosophy of Life	8	(1)
Becoming a Critical Thinker	8	(2)
What Is Philosophy?	10	(1)
Think Critically Who Is a Critical Thinker?	10	(1)
Definitions of Philosophy	11	(5)
The Origins of Philosophy	12	(2)
The Activity of Philosophy	14	(1)
The Role of Conflict in Philosophy	14	(1)
The Ultimate Aim of Philosophy	15	(1)
Think Critically Defining Philosophy	16	(1)
Thinking Critically About Philosophical Issues	16	(5)
What Is My Initial Point of View?	17	(1)
How Can I Define My Point of View More Clearly?	17	(1)
What Is an Example of My Point of View?	18	(1)
What Is the Origin of My Point of View?	18	(1)
What Are My Assumptions?	18	(1)
What Are the Reasons, Evidence and Arguments That Support My Point of View?	19	(1)
What Are Other Points of View on This Issue?	19	(1)
What Is My Conclusion, Decision, Solution, or Prediction?	20	(1)
What Are the Consequences?	21	(1)
Think Critically Analyze an Issue	21	(1)
Traditional Branches of Philosophy	21	(1)
Metaphysics	22	(5)
Think Philosophically What Is Reality	23	(2)
Think Philosophically Am I Free?	25	(2)
Think Philosophically Religious Beliefs	27	(1)
Epistemology	27	(3)
Think Philosophically Constructing Knowledge	29	(1)
Think Philosophically Seeking Wisdom	30	(1)
Ethics	30	(2)
Think Philosophically Making Moral Decisions	32	(1)
Political & Social Philosophy	32	(2)
Aesthetics	34	(1)
Logic & Critical Thinking	35	(1)
Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy	36	(3)
The Value of Philosophy Bertrand Russell	36	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Bertrand Russell	38	(1)
Making Connections: The Search for a Meaningful Life	39	(3)
Think Philosophically Examining My Life	41	(1)
Concept Review	42	(1)
Media Resources	43	(1)
What Is The Philosopher's Way? Socrates and the Examined Life	44	(44)
Socrates's Cure for Sleepwalking Through Life	46	(1)
Socrates: A Model for Humanity	46	(2)
Think Philosophically Archetypal Figures	47	(1)
A Man of Greece	48	(1)
The Socratic Midwife	49	(1)
Think Philosophically Know Thyself	49	(1)
The Wisest of Men?	50	(2)
Think Philosophically Wisdom and Humility	52	(1)
The Socratic Method	52	(1)
The Republic Plato	53	(4)
Think Critically Does Might Make Right?	57	(1)
Life at the Agora	57	(2)
Think Critically Giving Birth to Ideas	59	(1)
The State of Your Soul	59	(1)
The Apology Plato	60	(3)
Think Philosophically The Core Teachings of Socrates	63	(1)
The Trial and Death of Socrates	63	(18)
Think Critically Argument and Persuasion	66	(4)
Think Critically Influences on Character	70	(3)
Think Critically Justice and Mob Mentality	73	(1)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Socrates	74	(1)
Think Critically Emotional Appeals	75	(2)
Think Critically What Would I Die For?	77	(2)
Think Critically Analyzing Socrates	79	(2)
Making Connections: Socrates' Legacy	81	(2)
Students Thinking About Philosophy: A Socratic Dialogue	83	(4)
Concept Review	87	(1)
Media Resources	87	(1)
Who am I? Consciousness, Identity, and the Soul	88	(66)
Know Thyself?	90	(2)
Think Philosophically Do I Know Myself?	91	(1)
Socrates and Plato: The Soul Is Immortal	92	(1)
Phaedo Plato	92	(4)
Think Philosophically The Soul and The Self	95	(1)
Phaedrus Plato	96	(2)
Think Philosophically Balancing Reason, Appetite, and Spirit	98	(1)
Woman as Body Elizabeth V. Spelman	98	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Elizabeth Spelman	100	(1)
St. Augustine: Plato and Christianity	100	(2)
Think Philosophically Platonic Concepts of the Self	102	(1)
Rene Descartes: A Modern Perspective on the Self	102	(1)
Rene Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy	103	(6)
Think Critically Seeking After Truth	105	(3)
Think Critically My Body, My Self?	108	(1)
John Locke: The Self Is Consciousness	109	(1)
On Personal Identity John Locke	110	(6)
Think Philosophically Analyzing John Locke	112	(4)
Think Philosophically The Conscious Self	116	(1)
David Hume: There Is No Self	116	(1)
On Personal Identity David Hume	116	(3)
The Simile of the Chariot Milindapanha	119	(1)
Think Philosophically Empiricism and the Self	119	(1)
Immanuel Kant: We Construct the Self	120	(1)
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Immanuel Kant	120	(2)
Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant	122	(2)
Think Critically Sense, Perception, and Your Self	123	(1)
Think Critically Searching for the Self	124	(1)
Sigmund Freud: There Are Two Selves, One Conscious, One Unconscious	124	(7)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Sigmund Freud	129	(2)
What You See Is the Real You Willard Gaylin	131	(1)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Willard Gaylin	132	(1)
Gilbert Ryle: The Self Is How You Behave	132	(1)
The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle	133	(5)
Think Critically Self as Behavior	137	(1)
Materialism: The Self Is the Brain	138	(1)
On Eliminative Materialism Paul M. Churchland	138	(4)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Eliminitive Materialism	142	(1)
Edmund Husserl & Maurice Merleau-Ponty: The Self Is Embodied Subjectivity	142	(4)
Think Philosophically Applying Phenomenology	145	(1)
Waking from Sleep	145	(1)
Recognizing Another Person	146	(1)
Describing a Previous Relationship	146	(1)
Making Connections: In Search of the Self	146	(2)
Students Thinking About Philosophy: Perspectives On the Self	148	(4)
Concept Review	152	(1)
Media Resources	153	(1)
Am I Free? Freedom and Determinism	154	(60)
Why Do People Act as They Do?	157	(4)
Think Philosophically My Theory of Human Behavior	158	(3)
Because You Are Free . . .	161	(3)
Think Critically My Assumptions of Freedom	163	(1)
Determinism: All Human Actions Are Determined---Freedom Is an Illusion	164	(2)
Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach: The System of Nature	166	(1)
The System of Nature Baron d'Holbach	166	(10)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Baron d'Holbach	168	(6)
Think Philosophically Do I Choose Freely?	174	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Baron d'Holbach	176	(1)
Indeterminism: Some Human Actions Are Not Determined---Freedom is Possible	176	(1)
William James: Believing in Free Will is More Rational	176	(1)
The Will to Believe William James	177	(10)
Think Philosophically Analyzing William James	186	(1)
Jean-Paul Sartre: We Are Condemned to Be Free	187	(1)
Existentialism Is a Humanism Jean-Paul Sartre	187	(9)
Think Critically Freedom, Choice, and Responsibility	196	(1)
Personal Freedom: Creating a Synthesis	196	(4)
Increasing Freedom by Eliminating Constraints	200	(3)
Myth #1: Freedom Means Simply Making A Choice	200	(1)
Myth #2: Freedom Is Limited to Choosing from Available Options	200	(1)
Myth #3: Freedom Means Simply ``Doing What You Want''	201	(2)
Think Critically What Are the Limitations to My Freedom?	203	(1)
Jean Grimshaw: Feminist Analysis of Freedom	203	(1)
Autonomy and Identity in Feminist Thinking Jean Grimshaw	203	(3)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Jean Grimshaw	206	(1)
Making Connections: Increasing Your Freedom	206	(2)
Think Critically Increasing Your Freedom	207	(1)
Students Thinking About Philosophy: Creating Your Own Synthesis	208	(4)
Concept Review	212	(1)
Media Resources	213	(1)
What is Morality? Developing Enlightened Values	214	(56)
Your Moral Compass	216	(1)
What Is Ethics?	217	(2)
Think Philosophically Who Is a Moral Person?	218	(1)
What Are My Moral Values?	219	(3)
Think Critically What Are My Moral Values?	220	(1)
Think Critically Making Moral Decisions	221	(1)
Ethical Theories	222	(1)
Ethical Subjectivism: Each Person Determines What Is Morally Right	223	(5)
Think Critically How ``Ethically Subjective'' Are My Ethics?	228	(1)
Cultural Relativism: Each Culture Determines What is Morally Right	228	(2)
Anthropology and the Abnormal Ruth Benedict	230	(4)
Think Critically Cultural Relativism and My Moral Perspective	233	(1)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Ruth Benedict	234	(1)
Ethical Absolutism: Some Moral Values Are Universal and Apply to All Individuals and Cultures	234	(1)
The Concept of Morals W.T. Stace	235	(8)
Think Critically Ethical Relativism and My Moral Values	242	(1)
Ethical Egoism: Pursue Your Own Self-Interest	243	(1)
The Republic, The Myth of Gyges Plato	243	(3)
Think Philosophically Analyzing the Myth of Gyges	245	(1)
Ayn Rand: Rational Egoism	246	(1)
The Virtue of Selfishness Ayn Rand	246	(3)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Ayn Rand	249	(1)
James Rachels: Egoism Is a Flawed Theory	249	(1)
Egoism and Moral Skepticism James Rachels	250	(6)
Think Philosophically Analyzing James Rachels	255	(1)
Morality and Religion	256	(3)
Think Critically Religion and My Ethics	256	(3)
Thomas Aquinas: Natural Law Ethics	259	(4)
Think Critically Natural Law and My Beliefs	260	(3)
Letter from a Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King	263	(1)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.	264	(1)
On Becoming and Ethical Person	264	(1)
The Disparity Between Intellect and Character Robert Coles	264	(3)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Robert Coles	267	(1)
Making Connections: Your Moral Compass Revisited	267	(1)
Concept Review	268	(1)
Media Resources	269	(1)
What Is Morality? Constructing an Ethical Theory	270	(70)
Utilitarianism: The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number	272	(2)
An Introduction to the Principles of Moral and Legislation Jeremy Bentham	274	(6)
Think Critically Hedonistic Calculus and Ethical Controversy	277	(3)
Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill	280	(3)
Think Philosophically Applying Utilitarianism	282	(1)
Peter Singer: Utilitarianism and Animal Rights	283	(1)
Animal Liberation Peter Singer	283	(4)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Peter Singer	287	(1)
Immanuel Kant: Moral Duty Is Based on Reason	287	(3)
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals Immanuel Kant	290	(9)
Think Critically The Categorical Imperative and My Moral Compass	294	(4)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Immanuel Kant	298	(1)
Aristotle: Virtue Ethics and Becoming a Virtuous Person	299	(1)
The Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle	300	(10)
Think Philosophically What Is My Moral Character?	301	(8)
Think Critically Do I Have a Virtuous Character?	309	(1)
Relations Between Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Virtue Ethics	310	(2)
Think Critically Comparing Different Ethical Theories	312	(1)
Existentialist Ethics: Living an Authentic Life	312	(2)
On the Dedication to ``That Single Individual'' Søren Kierkegaard	314	(5)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Søren Kierkegaard	319	(1)
Existentialism Is a Humanism Jean Paul-Sartre	319	(5)
Ethics of Ambiguity Simone de Beauvoir	324	(2)
The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus	326	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Albert Camus	328	(1)
The Ethics of Care	328	(1)
Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education Nel Noddings	329	(4)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Nel Noddings	333	(1)
Making Connections: Choosing to Be a Moral Person	333	(1)
Students Thinking About Philosophy: Analyzing Moral Choices in a Film or Novel	334	(4)
Concept Review	338	(1)
Media Resources	339	(1)
What is Religion? Exploring Ways of Being Religious	340	(72)
Your Religious Beliefs	342	(2)
Think Philosophically My Religious Beliefs	342	(2)
Philosophy of Religion	344	(4)
Think Critically My Concept of Religion	347	(1)
Religions of the World	348	(1)
Indigenous Sacred Ways	348	(3)
Relationships with Spirit	349	(1)
Kinship with All Creation	349	(1)
Spiritual Specialists	350	(1)
Group Observances	350	(1)
Buddhism	351	(3)
The Four Noble Truths of Suffering	352	(1)
The Eightfold Path of Liberation	353	(1)
The Wheel of Birth and Death	353	(1)
Nirvana	354	(1)
Hinduism	354	(3)
Contemplation of the Luminous Self	355	(1)
Reincarnation	355	(1)
Karma	356	(1)
Yogic Practices	356	(1)
Fire Sacrifices	356	(1)
Castes	356	(1)
Taoism	357	(2)
Judaism and Christianity	359	(9)
Judaism	359	(1)
The Chosen People	360	(1)
Religious Stories, Holidays and Rituals	360	(1)
Core Religious Beliefs	361	(1)
The Messiah	362	(1)
Christianity	363	(1)
The Life and Teachings of Jesus	363	(4)
Who Was Jesus?	367	(1)
Islam	368	(4)
The Five Pillars of Islam	370	(1)
Sufism	371	(1)
Common Threads Dorothea Kuhnemann-Crow	372	(2)
Think Critically Expanding My Religious Understanding	374	(1)
Thinking Critically About Religion	374	(1)
How Valid are Religious Claims?	375	(1)
Friedrich Nietzsche: God Is Dead	375	(2)
Beyond Good and Evil Friedrich Nietzsche	377	(1)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Friedrich Nietzche	378	(1)
Mary Daly: Patriarchal Religion Is Destructive	378	(1)
The Leap Beyond Patriarchal Religion Mary Daly	379	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Mary Daly	380	(1)
The Experience of the Holy	381	(1)
Mysticism, The Varieties of Religious Experience William James	381	(3)
Think Philosophically Analyzing William James	384	(1)
Ways of Seeking Spiritual Enlightenment	384	(1)
Seeking Spirituality Through Reason: ``Proofs'' for God	385	(1)
Summa Theologica Thomas Aquinas	386	(2)
Natural Theology William Paley	388	(2)
Critique of Practical Reason, God as a Postulate of Practical Reason Immanuel Kant	390	(1)
Why I Am Not a Christian Bertrand Russell	391	(3)
Think Critically Evaluating Arguments for Religion	394	(1)
Seeking Spirituality Through Faith	394	(1)
The Leap of Faith and the Limits of Reason Søren Kierkegaard	395	(1)
Concluding Unscientific Postscript Søren Kierkegaard	396	(3)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Kierkegaard	398	(1)
The Problem of Evil	399	(1)
The Philosophy of Religion, God Can Allow Some Evil John Hick	400	(4)
Think Philosophically Analyzing John Hick	403	(1)
Making Connections: Reflections on Philosophy of Religion	404	(1)
Students Thinking About Philosophy: Analyzing the Concept of ``God''	405	(4)
Concept Review	409	(1)
Media Resources	410	(2)
What is Real? What is True? Discovering Reality and Constructing Knowledge (Part 1)	412	(46)
Metaphysics and Epistemology	414	(1)
The Problems of Philosophy Bertrand Russell	415	(5)
Think Philosophically How Do I Know What Is ``Real''?	419	(1)
Plato: Reality is the Eternal Realm of the Forms	420	(5)
The Divided Line	422	(2)
Plato's Theory of Innate Ideas	424	(1)
The Meno Plato	425	(1)
Think Critically Is Knowledge Innate?	426	(1)
Plato's Allegory of the Cave: The Journey from Ignorance to Knowledge	426	(1)
The Republic Plato	426	(4)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Plato's Allegory of the Cave	430	(1)
Aristotle: Reality Is the Natural World	430	(3)
Forms	432	(1)
Matter	432	(1)
Entelechy	433	(1)
The Four Causes	433	(1)
Metaphysics Aristotle	433	(3)
Material Cause	434	(1)
Formal Cause	434	(1)
Efficient Cause	434	(1)
Final Cause	434	(1)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Aristotle	435	(1)
The Epistemology of Everyday Life	436	(1)
Developing Informed Beliefs	436	(3)
Think Critically How Informed Are My Philosophical Beliefs?	438	(1)
The Nature of Beliefs	439	(3)
Think Critically Evaluating the Accuracy of My Beliefs	442	(1)
Philosophical Foundations of Knowledge	442	(3)
Skepticism	444	(1)
Rationalism	444	(1)
Empiricism	444	(1)
Constructivism	444	(1)
Rene Descartes: Cogito, Ergo Sum	445	(1)
Meditations on First Philosophy (Meditation 1) Rene Descartes	445	(6)
Meditations on First Philosophy (Meditation 2) Rene Descartes	451	(3)
Meditations on First Philosophy (Meditation 6) Rene Descartes	454	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Descartes' Radical Doubt	455	(1)
Making Connections: Searching for Reality	456	(1)
Concept Review	456	(1)
Media Resources	457	(1)
What is Real? What is True? Discovering Reality and Constructing Knowledge (Part 2)	458	(62)
Empiricism, Rationalism, Kantism	460	(1)
John Locke: The Mind is ``Tabula Rasa''	460	(1)
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke	461	(2)
New Essays on the Human Understanding Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz	463	(8)
Locke's Causal Theory of Perception	464	(6)
Think Philosophically Analyzing John Locke	470	(1)
Bishop George Berkeley: ``To Be Is to Be Perceived''	471	(1)
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge George Berkeley	471	(5)
Think Philosophically Analyzing George Berkeley	475	(1)
David Hume: ``Commit it (Metaphysics) to the Flames''	476	(1)
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding David Hume	477	(8)
Think Philosophically Analyzing David Hume	485	(1)
Immanuel Kant: We Constitute Our World	485	(1)
Prologemana to Any Future Metaphysics Immanuel Kant	486	(8)
Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant	494	(10)
Two Realities: Phenomenal and Noumenal	499	(3)
Three Accounts of the Assassination of Malcolm X	502	(1)
Think Critically How Do I Construct Knowledge?	502	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Immanuel Kant	504	(1)
Alision M. Jaggar: Feminist Epistemology	504	(1)
Emotion in Feminist Epistemology Alison Jaggar	505	(8)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Alison M. Jaggar	513	(1)
Making Connections: Knowledge and Truth	513	(1)
Students Thinking About Philosophy: Philosophical Analysis of Popular Culture	514	(3)
Concept Review	517	(2)
Media Resources	519	(1)
What is Social Justice? Creating a Just State	520	(74)
Creating a Just Society	522	(2)
Think Philosophically Examining My Society	523	(1)
Social and Political Philosophies	524	(1)
Plato: Society Should Be Based on Function and Harmony	525	(1)
The Republic Plato	526	(3)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Plato's Political Ideas	528	(1)
Aristotle: ``Every State Is a Community of Some Kind''	529	(1)
Politics Aristotle	529	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Aristotle's Political Views	531	(1)
Thomas Hobbes: The War of All Against All	531	(2)
Leviathan Thomas Hobbes	533	(4)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Thomas Hobbes	537	(1)
John Locke: Life, Liberty, and Property	537	(1)
The Second Treatise of Civil Government John Locke	538	(4)
The Declaration of Independence: A Transcription Thomas Jefferson et al.	542	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing John Locke	544	(1)
David Hume: There Is No ``State of Nature''	544	(2)
Think Critically Government, Law and Human Nature	545	(1)
John Rawls: ``Justice as Fairness''	546	(1)
A Theory of Justice John Rawls	546	(4)
Think Critically Creating A Just Society	547	(2)
Think Philosophically Analyzing John Rawls	549	(1)
Karl Marx: Justice Is Based on Need and Ability	550	(1)
Manifesto of the Communist Party Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels	551	(11)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels	561	(1)
John Stuart Mill: Justice Is What Promotes the General Welfare	562	(1)
Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill	562	(5)
On Liberty John Stuart Mill	567	(9)
Think Philosophically Analyzing John Stuart Mill	575	(1)
Susan Moller Okin: Justice Must Involve Gender Equality	576	(1)
Justice, Gender, and the Family Susan Okin	576	(8)
Think Philosophically Analyzing Susan Moller Okin	583	(1)
Making Connections: An Ideal Society	584	(1)
Students Thinking About Philosophy: Designing My Ideal Society	585	(6)
Concept Review	591	(2)
Media Resources	593	(1)
Credits	594	(8)
Index	602