Philosophical Journey : A Field Manual for Explorers

by Lawhead, William F.

• ISBN13: 9780767402187
• ISBN10: 0767402189
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-12-24
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

The Philosophical Journey is a topically organized text presented in an interactive format designed to get students' philosophical intuitions flowing. The book's guiding metaphor of "explorers on a journey" makes readers active participants in ongoing discoveries. The message of this book is that philosophy is a vital activity and way of thinking that can be practiced and developed.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Introduction to the Philosophical Journey: Where Are We Going and How Will We Get There?	1	(59)
Overview of the Journey	2	(12)
Philosophy and Aerobics	2	(1)
Philosophy and Love	3	(1)
Philosophy and Peanut Butter	4	(1)
Philosophy and Colds	5	(1)
What do Philosophers Study?	6	(3)
Philosophy as a Journey	9	(1)
Guideposts for your Journey	10	(4)
Socrates and the Search for Wisdom	14	(18)
Socrates's Life and Mission	16	(1)
Apology	17	(5)
Plato
Socrates's Method	22	(2)
Republic	24	(5)
Plato
What is the Practical Value of Philosophy?	29	(1)
Socrates's Teachings	29	(3)
Argument and Evidence: How do I Decide what to Believe?	32	(28)
Evaluating Philosophical Claims and Theories	33	(3)
The Nature of Arguments	36	(3)
Deductive Arguments	39	(7)
Inductive Arguments	46	(2)
Informal Fallacies	48	(6)
Learning More About Arguments and Evidence	54	(1)
Review for Chapter 1	54	(6)
The Search for Knowledge	60	(190)
Overview of the Problem of Knowledge	61	(11)
Scouting the Territory: What can I Know?	61	(2)
Charting the Terrain of Knowledge: What are the Issues?	63	(5)
Choosing a Path: What are My Options Concerning Knowledge?	68	(2)
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Knowledge, Doubt, Reason, and Experience	70	(1)
Key to the Questionnaire on Knowledge	71	(1)
Skepticism	72	(23)
Leading Questions: Skepticism	72	(1)
Surveying the Case for Skepticism	72	(4)
Early Greek Skeptics	76	(1)
Rene Descartes (1596--1650)	77	(3)
Meditations on First Philosophy	80	(3)
Rene Descartes
Meditations on First Philosophy	83	(2)
Rene Descartes
David Hume (1711--1776)	85	(1)
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1)	86	(3)
David Hume
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (2)	89	(2)
David Hume
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (3)	91	(1)
David Hume
A Treatise of Human Nature	92	(1)
David Hume
Looking Through the Skeptic's Lens	93	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Skepticism	94	(1)
Rationalism	95	(21)
Leading Questions: Rationalism	95	(1)
Surveying the Case for Rationalism	96	(1)
The Three Anchor Points of Rationalism	97	(2)
The Rationalists' Answers to the Three Epistemological Questions	99	(1)
Socrates (c. 470--399 B. C.)	99	(2)
Plato (c. 428--348 B. C.)	101	(2)
Phaedo (1)	103	(5)
Plato
Phaedo (2)	108	(1)
Plato
Rene Descartes	109	(1)
Meditations on First Philosophy	110	(4)
Rene Descartes
Looking Through the Rationalist's Lens	114	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Rationalism	115	(1)
Empiricism	116	(26)
Leading Questions: Empiricism	116	(1)
Surveying the Case for Empiricism	117	(1)
The Three Anchor Points of Empiricism	117	(2)
The Empiricists' Answers to the Three Epistemological Questions	119	(1)
John Locke (1632--1704)	120	(5)
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding	125	(2)
John Locke
George Berkeley (1685--1753)	127	(2)
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge	129	(7)
George Berkeley
David Hume	136	(1)
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	137	(3)
David Hume
Summary of Rationalism and Empiricism	140	(1)
Looking Through the Empiricist's Lens	140	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Empiricism	140	(2)
Kantian Constructivism	142	(17)
Leading Questions: Constructivism	142	(1)
Surveying the Case for Kantian Constructivism	143	(1)
Immanuel Kant (1724--1804)	143	(2)
Critique of Pure Reason (1)	145	(7)
Immanuel Kant
Critique of Pure Reason (2)	152	(5)
Immanuel Kant
Looking Through Kant's Lens	157	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Kantian Constructivism	158	(1)
Epistemological Relativism	159	(23)
Leading Questions: Epistemological Relativism	159	(1)
Surveying the Case for Relativism	160	(9)
Ways of Worldmaking	169	(7)
Nelson Goodman
The Teachings of Don Juan	176	(3)
Carlos Castaneda
Preview of Coming Attractions	179	(1)
Looking Through the Relativist's Lens	180	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Relativism	181	(1)
Rethinking the Western Tradition: Existentialism	182	(18)
Leading Questions: Existentialism	182	(1)
Surveying the Case for Existentialism	183	(1)
Søren Kierkegaard (1813--1855)	184	(3)
Concluding Unscientific Postscript	187	(2)
Søren Kierkegaard
The Journals	189	(1)
Søren Kierkegaard
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844--1900)	190	(3)
Beyond Good and Evil	193	(5)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Looking Through the Existentialist's Lens	198	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Existentialism	199	(1)
Rethinking the Western Tradition: Pragmatism	200	(19)
Leading Questions: Pragmatism	200	(1)
Surveying the Case for Pragmatism	201	(11)
Pragmatism's Conception of Truth	212	(5)
William James
Looking Through the Pragmatist's Lens	217	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Pragmatism	218	(1)
Rethinking the Western Tradition: Feminist Epistemology	219	(31)
Leading Questions: Feminist Epistemology	219	(1)
Surveying the Case for Feminist Epistemology	220	(3)
Women, Knowledge, and Reality	223	(2)
Ann Garry
Marilyn Pearsall
Issues and Themes in Feminist Epistemology	225	(8)
Feminist Epistemology and the Problem of Relativism	233	(1)
What Can She Know?	234	(1)
Lorraine Code
Looking Through the Lens of Feminist Epistemology	235	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Feminist Epistemology	236	(2)
Review for Chapter 2	238	(12)
The Search for Ultimate Reality	250	(155)
Overview of Metaphysics	251	(18)
Scouting the Territory: What is Reality?	251	(1)
Charting the Terrain of Metaphysics: What are the Issues?	252	(5)
Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning Metaphysics?	257	(1)
Conceptual Tools: The Basics of Metaphysics	258	(3)
Plato's Metaphysics	261	(5)
Republic	266	(3)
Plato
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on What is Most Real	269	(1)
Overview: The Mind-Body Problem	269	(10)
Scouting the Territory: What is the Mind? What is the Body?	269	(1)
Tantalus	270	(3)
Hugh Elliot
Charting the Terrain of the Mind-Body Problem: What are the Issues?	273	(1)
Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning the Mind and the Body?	274	(3)
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Mind and Body	277	(1)
Key to the Mind-Body Questionnaire	278	(1)
Dualism	279	(9)
Leading Questions: Dualism	279	(1)
Surveying the Case for Dualism	280	(1)
Descartes's Arguments for Mind-Body Dualism	280	(2)
Discourse on the Method	282	(1)
Rene Descartes
Meditations on First Philosophy (1)	283	(2)
Rene Descartes
Meditations on First Philosophy (2)	285	(2)
Rene Descartes
Looking Through the Dualist's Lens	287	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Dualism	288	(1)
Physicalism	288	(16)
Leading Questions: Physicalism	288	(1)
Surveying the Case for Physicalism	289	(8)
Matter and Consciousness	297	(5)
Paul Churchland
Looking Through the Physicalist's Lens	302	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Physicalism	302	(2)
Functionalism and Artificial Intelligence	304	(21)
Leading Questions: Functionalism and Artificial Intelligence	304	(1)
The Amazing Chess-Playing Machine	305	(2)
Surveying the Case for Functionalism	307	(3)
The Mind-Body Problem	310	(1)
Jerry Fodor
Surveying the Case for Artificial Intelligence	311	(5)
Why, People Think Computers Can't	316	(6)
Marvin Minsky
Looking Through the Lens of Functionalism and Strong AI	322	(2)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Functionalism and Strong AI	324	(1)
Overview: Freedom and Determinism	325	(11)
Scouting the Territory: Freedom and Determinism	325	(2)
Charting the Terrain of Freedom and Determinism: What are the Issues?	327	(1)
Conceptual Tools: Thinking About Freedom	328	(2)
Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning Human Freedom?	330	(4)
What do I Think? Questionnaire on Freedom and Determinism	334	(1)
Key to the Questionnaire on Freedom and Determinism	335	(1)
Hard Determinism	336	(24)
Leading Questions: Hard Determinisms	336	(1)
The Debate Over Determinism	337	(1)
Walden Two	337	(1)
B. F. Skinner
Surveying the Case for Hard Determinism	338	(1)
The problems With Libertarianism	339	(1)
The Positive Case for Determinism	340	(5)
The Denial of Moral Responsibility	345	(1)
Erewhon	346	(2)
Samuel Butler
The Leopold and Loeb Trial	348	(2)
Clarence Darrow
Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632--1677)	350	(2)
B. F. Skinner (1904--1990)	352	(3)
A Lecture on ``Having'' a Poem	355	(4)
B. F. Skinner
Looking Through The Hard Determinist's Lens	359	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Hard Determinism	359	(1)
Libertarianism	360	(22)
Leading Questions: Libertarianism	360	(1)
Surveying The Case for Libertarianism	361	(1)
The Problems With Determinism	361	(2)
Three Views of Freedom	363	(6)
The Positive Arguments for Libertarianism	369	(4)
Metaphysics	373	(2)
Richard Taylor
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905--1980)	375	(1)
Being and Nothingness	376	(2)
Jean-Paul Sartre
Dirty Hands	378	(2)
Jean-Paul Sartre
Looking Through The Libertarian's Lens	380	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Libertarianism	381	(1)
Compatibilism	382	(23)
Leading Questions: Compatibilism	382	(1)
Surveying The Case for Compatibilism (Soft Determinism)	383	(4)
Religion and the Modern Mind	387	(8)
Walter R. Stace
Looking Through the Compatibilist's Lens	395	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Compatibilism	396	(1)
Review for Chapter 3	397	(8)
The Search for God	405	(101)
Overview of Philosophy of Religion	406	(7)
Scouting The Territory: The Impact of Religion	406	(1)
Does God Exist?	406	(1)
Peter Kreeft
Charting The Terrain of Religion: What are The Issues?	407	(1)
Choosing A Path: What are my Options Concerning Religious Belief?	407	(3)
Conceptual Tools: Arguments for The Exitence of God	410	(2)
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on The Existence of God	412	(1)
Key to The Questionnaire on The Existence of God	412	(1)
The Cosmological Argument for God	413	(12)
Leading Questions: The Cosmological Argument	413	(1)
Surveying The Case for The Cosmological Argument	413	(1)
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225--1274)	414	(1)
Summa Theologica	415	(3)
Thomas Aquinas
Metaphysics	418	(5)
Richard Taylor
Looking Through The Lens of The Cosmological Argument	423	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Cosmological Argument	424	(1)
The Design Argument for God	425	(11)
Leading Questions: The Argument From Design	425	(1)
Surveying The Case for The Design Argument	425	(1)
William Paley (1743--1805)	426	(1)
Natural Theology	426	(2)
William Paley
Science and Cosmic Design	428	(1)
David Hume	429	(1)
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion	430	(5)
David Hume
Looking Through The Lens of The Argument from Design	435	(1)
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of The Argument from Design	435	(1)
The Ontological Argument for God	436	(6)
Leading Questions: The Ontological Argument	436	(1)
Surveying The Case for The Ontological Argument	437	(1)
St. Anselm (1033--1109)	438	(1)
Proslogium	438	(3)
St. Anselm
Looking Through The Lens of The Ontological Argument	441	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Ontological Argument	441	(1)
Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications	442	(14)
Leading Questions: The Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications for Belief	442	(1)
Surveying The Case for Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications	443	(1)
Blaise Pascal (1623--1662)	444	(1)
Thoughts	444	(4)
Blaise Pascal
William James	448	(1)
The Will to Believe	449	(1)
William James
Søren Kierkegaard	450	(1)
Selections from his works	451	(3)
Søren Kierkegaard
Looking Through The Lens of The Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications of Religious Belief	454	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Pragmatic and Subjective Justification of Religious Belief	454	(2)
The Problem of Evil: Atheistic and Theistic Responses	456	(18)
Leading Questions: The Problem of Evil	456	(1)
Surveying The Case for Atheism: The Argument From Evil	456	(1)
The Plague	457	(3)
Albert Camus
Religious Responses to The Argument From Evil	460	(5)
Evil and the God of Love	465	(6)
John Hicks
The Problem of Pain	471	(1)
C. S. Lewis
Looking Through The Atheist's Lens	472	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Atheism	472	(2)
Rethinking The Western Tradition: Asian Religions	474	(32)
Leading Questions: Asian Religions	474	(1)
Surveying The Case for Hinduism	475	(2)
Reading: From the Upanishads	477	(8)
Surveying The Case for Buddhism	485	(2)
Reading: The Buddha, from Selected Teachings	487	(8)
Summary of Hindu and Buddhist Thought	495	(1)
Siddhartha	496	(1)
Herman Hesse
Looking Through The Hindu's and The Buddha's Lens	496	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Hinduism and Buddhism	497	(2)
Review For Chapter 4	499	(7)
The Search for Ethical Values	506	(171)
Overview of Ethics	507	(20)
Scouting The Territory: Why be Moral?	507	(1)
Republic	508	(2)
Plato
Charting The Terrain of Ethics: What are The Issues?	510	(1)
Conceptual Tools: Philosophical Ethics Versus Religion	510	(6)
The Question, Why be Moral? Reconsidered	516	(5)
Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning Ethics?	521	(4)
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Ethics, Actions, Consequences, Motives, and Character	525	(1)
Key to The Questionnaire on Ethics	526	(1)
Ethical Relativism Versus Objectivism	527	(27)
Leading Questions: Ethical Relativism and Ethical Objectivism	527	(2)
Surveying The Case for Ethical Relativism	529	(3)
The Histories	532	(1)
Herodotus
Ruth Benedict (1857--1948)	533	(1)
Anthropology and the Abnormal	533	(5)
Ruth Benedict
Looking Through The Lens of Ethical Relativism	538	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Ethical Relativism	539	(2)
Surveying The Case for Ethical Objectivism	541	(4)
The Challenge of Cultural Relativism	545	(7)
James Rachels
Looking Through The Lens of Ethical Objectivism	552	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Ethical Objectivism	553	(1)
Ethical Egoism	554	(19)
Leading Questions: Ethical Egoism	554	(1)
Of Human Bondage	555	(1)
Somerset Maugham
Surveying The Case for Ethical Egoism	556	(11)
The Virtue of Selfishness	567	(4)
Ayn Rand
Looking Through The Egoist's Lens	571	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Egoism	571	(2)
Utilitarianism	573	(24)
Leading Questions: Utilitarianism	573	(4)
Surveying The Case for Utilitarianism	577	(1)
Jeremy Bentham (1748--1832)	577	(1)
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation	578	(4)
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill (1806--1873)	582	(1)
Utilitarianism	582	(4)
John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism: Objectivism or Relativism?	586	(1)
The Consequences of Consequentialism: A Test Case	587	(1)
Comparing Harms: Headaches and Human Lives	588	(3)
Alastair Norcross
The Problem of Justice and Rights	591	(1)
Act-Utilitarianism Versus Rule-Utilitariansm	592	(2)
Looking Through The Utilitarian's Lens	594	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism	595	(2)
Kantian Ethics	597	(20)
Leading Questions: Kantian Ethics	597	(1)
Surveying The Case for Kantian Ethics	598	(1)
Immanuel Kant	598	(2)
Foundations of The Metaphysics of Morals	600	(15)
Immanuel Kant
Looking Through The Lens of Kantian Ethics	615	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Kantian Ethics	615	(2)
Virtue Ethics	617	(24)
Leading Questions: Virtue Ethics	617	(2)
Surveying The Case for Virtue Ethics	619	(1)
What is Virtue?	619	(2)
The Problems With The Utilitarian View	621	(1)
The Problems With The Kantian View	622	(1)
The Positive Case for Virtue Ethics	623	(5)
Aristotle (384--322 B. C.)	628	(1)
Nicomachean Ethics	628	(6)
Aristotle
The Virtues in Confucian Thought	634	(1)
The Analects	635	(1)
Confucius
A Contemporary Application of Virtue Ethics	636	(1)
Moral Character and Abortion	636	(1)
Janet Smith
Summary of Virtue Ethics	637	(1)
Looking Through The Lens of Virtue Ethics	638	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Virtue Ethics	639	(2)
Rethinking The Western Tradition: Feminist Ethics	641	(36)
Leading Questions: Feminist Ethics	641	(1)
Surveying The Case For Feminist Ethics	642	(4)
Two Approaches to Feminist Ethics	646	(2)
In a Different Voice	648	(12)
Carol Gilligan
Liberating Care	660	(4)
Marilyn Friedman
Summary of Feminist Ethics	664	(1)
Looking Through The Lens of Feminist Ethics	665	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Feminist Ethics	665	(2)
Review for Chapter 5	667	(10)
The Search for The Just Society	677	(110)
Overview of Political Philosophy	678	(5)
Scouting The Territory: Thinking About Government	678	(1)
Charting The Terrain of Political Philosophy: What are The Issues?	679	(1)
Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning Political Philosophy?	680	(1)
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Political Philosophy	681	(1)
Key to The Questionnaire on Political Philosophy	682	(1)
The Justification of Government	683	(24)
Leading Questions: The Justification of Government	683	(2)
Surveying The Case for Anarchism	685	(2)
In Defense of Anarchism	687	(4)
Robert Paul Wolff
Looking Through The Anarchist's Lens	691	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Anarchism	691	(1)
Surveying The Case for Social Contract Theory	692	(1)
Leviathan	693	(9)
Thomas Hobbes
An Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government	702	(4)
John Locke
Reading: From The Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)	706	(1)
Looking Through The Lens of The Social Contract Theory	706	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Social Contract Theory	706	(1)
The Question of Justice	707	(28)
Leading Questions: The Nature of Justice	707	(2)
Surveying The Case For Justice As Merit	709	(1)
Republic	710	(2)
Plato
Looking Through Plato's Lens	712	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Plato's Theory of Justice	713	(1)
Surveying The Case for Justice as Conformity to The Natural Law	714	(2)
Summa Theologica	716	(1)
Thomas Aquinas
Looking Through The Lens of Natural Law Theory	717	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Natural Law Theory	717	(1)
Surveying The Case for Justice as Social Utility	718	(1)
John Stuart Mill	718	(1)
Utilitarianism	719	(4)
John Stuar Mill
Looking Through Mill's Lens	723	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Mill's Theory of Justice	723	(1)
Surveying The Case for Justice as Fairness	724	(1)
John Rawls (Born 1921)	724	(1)
A Theory of Justice	725	(7)
John Rawls
Justice, Gender, and the Family	732	(2)
Susan Molle Okin
Looking Through Rawls's Lens	734	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Rawls's Theory of Justice	734	(1)
The Individual and The State	735	(25)
Leading Questions: The Individual and The State	735	(2)
Surveying The Case for Classical Liberalism	737	(1)
John Stuart Mill	737	(1)
On Liberty	738	(7)
John Stuar Mill
Looking Through The Lens of Classical Liberalism	745	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Classical Liberalism	745	(1)
Surveying The Case for Marxism	746	(1)
Karl Marx (1818--1883)	746	(6)
Communist Manifesto	752	(6)
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Looking Through The Lens of Marxism	758	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Marxism	759	(1)
Civil Disobedience	760	(27)
Leading Questions: Civil Disobedience	760	(2)
Surveying The Case Against Civil Disobedience	762	(2)
Crito	764	(4)
Plato
Looking Through The Lens of The Opponents of Civil Disobedience	768	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Opposition to Civil Disobedience	769	(1)
Surveying The Case for Civil Disobedience	770	(1)
Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869--1948)	771	(2)
Young India	773	(3)
Mahatma Gandhi
Martin Luther King Jr. (1929--1986)	776	(1)
Letter from Birmingham Jail	777	(3)
Martin Luther King Jr.
Looking Through The Lens of The Supporters of Civil Disobedience	780	(1)
Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Civil Disobedience Position	780	(1)
Review For Chapter 6	781	(6)
Credits	787	(2)
Index	789