Philosophical Problems : An Annotated Anthology

by BonJour, Laurence; Baker, Ann

• ISBN13: 9780321236593
• ISBN10: 0321236599
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

Offers the reader a process for thinking philosophically and provides immediate guidance in reading philosophical work through margin annotations. Classic and contemporary philosophical works. Introduction to Philosophy featuring work by major historical and contemporary philosophers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
What is Philosophy?	1	(40)
Philosophical Thinking	3	(11)
Ann Baker
Euthyphro	14	(10)
Plato
Apology	24	(11)
Plato
The Value of Philosophy	35	(6)
Bertrand Russell
God and Faith	41	(104)
Does God Exist?	43	(54)
The Cosmological Argument
The Five Ways, from Summa Theologica	43	(4)
St. Thomas Aquinas
The Cosmological Argument, from A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God	47	(4)
Samuel Clarke
Problems with the Cosmological Argument, from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion	51	(4)
David Hume
The Argument from Design
The Argument from Design, from Natural Theology	55	(10)
William Paley
The Panda's Thumb	65	(4)
Stephen Jay Gould
Problems with the Argument from Design, from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion	69	(17)
David Hume
Critique of the Global Argument from Design, from God: A Critical Inquiry	86	(4)
Antony Flew
The Ontological Argument
The Ontological Argument	90	(3)
Rene Descartes
The Impossibility of an Ontological Proof of the Existence of God	93	(4)
Immanuel Kant
An Argument Against the Existence of God: The Problem of Evil	97	(30)
Rebellion, from The Brothers Karamozov	97	(6)
Fyodor Dostoevsky
The Problem of Evil, from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion	103	(11)
David Hume
Evil and Omnipotence	114	(8)
J. L. Mackie
The Problem of Evil, from Philosophy of Religion	122	(5)
John Hick
Must We Have Reasons to Believe in God?	127	(18)
Pascal's Wager, from Critique of Religion and Philosophy	127	(2)
Walter Kaufmann
The Ethics of Belief	129	(5)
W. K. Clifford
The Will to Believe	134	(11)
William James
Knowledge and Skepticism	145	(162)
Do We Have Knowledge of the External World?	149	(109)
From Meditations on First Philosophy	149	(25)
Rene Descartes
From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding	174	(18)
John Locke
From Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous	192	(30)
George Berkeley
Direct Realism, from Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man	222	(17)
Thomas Reid
Knowledge of the External World, from Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses	239	(19)
Laurence BonJour
Are All Reasons Based on Experience?	258	(26)
Is All Knowledge Based on Experience or Is Some Knowledge A Priori?, from The Critique of Pure Reason	258	(9)
Immanuel Kant
The A Priori, from Language, Truth and Logic	267	(8)
A. J. Ayer
The ``A Priori'' and the Empirical, from The Fundamental Questions of Philosophy	275	(9)
A. C. Ewing
Is Induction Justified?	284	(23)
Skeptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding, from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	284	(7)
David Hume
The Problem of Induction, from The Foundations of Scientific Inference	291	(16)
Wesley Salmon
Minds and Bodies	307	(146)
Are Minds and Mental States Distinct from Bodies and Material States?	315	(26)
How the Mind-Body Problem Arises	315	(12)
Keith Campbell
A Defense of Dualism	327	(7)
John Foster
Sensations and Brain Processes	334	(7)
J. J. C. Smart
Are Mental States Analogous to the States of a Computer?	341	(40)
The Mind-Body Problem	341	(13)
Jerry Fodor
Computing Machinery and Intelligence	354	(12)
A. M. Turing
Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program?	366	(9)
John R. Searle
Searle on What Only Brains Can Do	375	(4)
Jerry Fodor
Author's Response	379	(2)
John R. Searle
Can Materialism Account for Qualitative Consciousness?	381	(34)
What Is It Like to Be a Bat?	381	(10)
Thomas Nagel
What Mary Didn't Know	391	(5)
Frank Jackson
What Is It Like to Be a Human (Instead of a Bat)?	396	(9)
Laurence BonJour
Knowing What It's Like	405	(2)
David Lewis
The Puzzle of Conscious Experience	407	(8)
David J. Chalmers
What is Required for Personal Identity?	415	(38)
Personal Identity	415	(8)
John Locke
Of Mr. Locke's Account of Personal Identity	423	(3)
Thomas Reid
The Self and the Future	426	(11)
Bernard Williams
Personal Identity	437	(16)
Derek Parfit
Free Will and Moral Responsibility	453	(88)
Are Human Actions Genuinely Free?	453	(66)
Hard Determinism
The Case of Robert Harris	456	(4)
Miles Corwin
A Defense of Hard Determinism, from Not Guilty: A Defense of the Bottom Dog	460	(12)
Robert Blatchford
Compatibilism
Of Liberty and Necessity	472	(9)
David Hume
A Compatibalist Account of Free Will, from Religion and the Modern Mind	481	(6)
W. T. Stace
Hard and Soft Determinism	487	(5)
Paul Edwards
What Means This Freedom?	492	(10)
John Hospers
Libertarianism
Responsibility and Avoidability	502	(2)
Roderick M. Chisholm
In Defense of Free Will	504	(8)
C. A. Campbell
Choice and Indeterminism, from Philosophical Explanations	512	(7)
Robert Nozick
Is Freedom Required for Moral Responsibility?	519	(22)
Free Will	519	(10)
Galen Strawson
Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility	529	(12)
Susan Wolf
Morality and Moral Problems	541	(194)
Is Morality Relative? Are We Motivated Only by Self-Interest?	546	(32)
The Challenge of Cultural Relativism	546	(8)
James Rachels
Subjectivism in Ethics	554	(8)
James Rachels
Are We Better Off Behaving Morally or Immorally?	562	(9)
Plato
Psychological Egoism	571	(7)
Joel Feinberg
What Is the Best Theory of Morality?	578	(106)
Utilitarianism: Morality Depends on Consequences
From An Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation	578	(9)
Jeremy Bentham
From Utilitarianism	587	(9)
John Stuart Mill
Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism	596	(7)
J. J. C. Smart
A Critique of Utilitarianism	603	(8)
Bernard Williams
Deontological Views: Morality Depends on Duties and Rights
From Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals	611	(13)
Immanuel Kant
The Moral Perplexities of Famine Relief	624	(16)
Onora O'Neill
Rights: What They Are and Where They Come From	640	(15)
David T. Ozar
Virtue Ethics: Morality Depends on Character Traits
From The Nichomachean Ethics	655	(19)
Aristotle
Normative Virtue Ethics	674	(10)
Rosalind Hursthouse
How Do General Moral Concepts Apply to Concrete Issues?	684	(51)
A Defense of Abortion	684	(12)
Judith Jarvis Thomson
Euthanasia	696	(15)
Philippa Foot
War and Massacre	711	(14)
Thomas Nagel
The Case for Animal Rights	725	(10)
Tom Regan
The Legitimacy of Government and The Nature of Justice	735	(78)
What Is the Justification for Government?	737	(35)
The Social Contract, from Leviathan	737	(12)
Thomas Hobbes
The Social Contract, from Second Treatise of Government	749	(16)
John Locke
Of the Original Contract	765	(7)
David Hume
What Is Social Justice?	772	(41)
The Entitlement Theory of Justice, from Anarchy, State, and Utopia	772	(10)
Robert Nozick
Justice as Fairness, from A Theory of Justice	782	(14)
John Rawls
A Critique of Rawls, from Anarchy, State, and Utopia	796	(7)
Robert Nozick
Nozick on Rights, Liberty, and Property	803	(10)
Thomas M. Scanlon
Philosophy and The Good Life	813	(36)
The Experience Machine	814	(3)
Robert Nozick
Epictetus: from the Manual	817	(8)
The Absurd	825	(9)
Thomas Nagel
Happiness and Meaning: Two Aspects of the Good Life	834	(15)
Susan Wolf
Appendix: Writing a Philosophical Essay	849	(8)
Glossary	857	(16)
Credits	873