9780072840698

This is a true cross-cultural anthology which presents philosophers from different cultures in dialogue with one another. The text includes selections from both traditional and contemporary Western and non-Western philosophy: African American, Latin American, and feminist philosophers as well as Asian, African, Native American, and Islamic philosophers. The reader is organized by topic, and highlights the similarities and differences between Western and Non-Western philosophers -- it arranges selections so that authors speak to one another across cultures. Chapter introductions and section introductions within chapters guide students. The second edition includes new sections on non-Western epistemology, the question of life after death, Rawls and criticism, and understanding others' experience and points of view. The authors have revised the more difficult sections of chapter 1 and have included more African, African American, and female philosophers, and more variety in the sections on social philosophy.

Chapter 1: APPEARANCE AND REALITY

The World of Forms

Plato: The Symposium

Plato: Parable of the Cave

Black Elk: Crazy Horses Vision

*Hannah Arendt: The Value of the Surface

Idealism: Western and Asian

George Berkeley: Subjective Idealism

The Upanishads: Thou Art That

*Sri Ramana Maharshi: A Commentary on the Upanishads

Arthur Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Idea

*Hui Neng: The Sutra of Hui Neng

Materialism

Wang Fu-Chih: Neo-Confucian Materialism

Friedrich Engels: Materialism and the Scientific World View

Chapter 2: KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENCE

The Problem of Method

Charles Sanders Peirce: The Fixation of Belief

Paul Feyerabend: Against Method

*Sandra Harding: Is Science Multicultural?

*Patricia Hill Collins: Afrocentric Feminist

Epistemology

Ayatullah Murtaza Mutahhari: Limits of Science

The Limits of Reason and the Limits of Knowledge

Chaung Tzu: Knowledge and Relativity

Jorge Luis Borges: Averroes Search

Daisetz T. Suzuki: Zen Knowledge

Chapter 3: PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Theistic Arguments and Atheist Challenges

A.C. Ewing: Proofs of Gods Existence

Anthony Flew: Theology and Falsification

Sigmund Freud: A Philosophy of Life

The Religious Experience

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Personal Experience of God

Buddhassa: No Religion

Vine Deloira: Tribal Religious Realities

Religions, Society, and Politics

Karl Marx and F. Engels: Critique of Religion

Leonardo and Clodovis Boff: Liberation Theology

*Sulak Sivaraksa: Engaged Buddhism

*Hassan Hanafi: Islam and Revolution

Carol P. Crhist: Why Women Need the Goddess

Chapter 4: HUMAN NATURE

Universal Human Nature

Is Human Nature Good or Evil? A Chinese Debate:

Mencius: Human Nature Is Good

Hsun Tus: Human Nature Is Evil

Thomas Hobbes: Human Nature as Competitive

Petr Kropotkin: Mutual Aid

*Ashley Montague: War and Aggression

Jean-Paul Sartre: There Is No Human Nature

*Francisco Miro Quesada: Man Without Theory

Gender Nature

Womens Nature: Two Islamic Views

Al-Ghazali: The Proper Role for Women

Fatima Mernissi: Beyond the Wall

Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex

*Ortega y Gasset: Woman as Body

*Elizabeth V. Spelman: Gender and Race

*Paula Guinn Allen: The Sacred Hoop

Sexual Nature

*Richard D. Mohr: Gay Basics

*Ruth Hubbard: The Social Construction of Sexuality

Chapter 5: SELF, MIND AND BODY

A Controversy in the Modern Western Tradition

Rene Descartes: Meditations

David Hume: Personal Identity

Hinduism and Buddhism: A Similar Controversy

Bhagavad-Gita: Samkhya Dualism

The Upanishads: The True Self

Questions of King Melinda: No Self

T.R.V. Murti: The Middle Way

Toshiko Izutsu: Ego-less Consciousness: A Zen View

A Defense of Hume and Buddha Based on Modern Psychology

Derek Parfit: Divided Minds and the Bundle Theory of Self

Self as Activity

Risieri Frondizi: Dynamic Unity of the Self

The Self Beyond Death

*The Tibetan Book of the Dead: Death and Rebirth

*Innocent Onyweunyi: Africa and Reincarnation: A

Reappraisal

Plato: The Phaedo

Aristotle: On the Soul

The Carvaka School: Ancient Indian Materialism

Bertrand Russell: Persons, Death, and the Body

Chapter 6: DESTINY, DETERMINISM, AND FREEDOM

Destiny and Freedom

Sarvepalli Radhakrishanan: Karma and Freedom

*Kwame Gyekye: Destiny and Free Will: An African View

Radical Freedom

Fyodor Dostoevsky: Notes from the Underground

Jean Paul Sartre: Freedom and Action

Reconciling Freedom and Determinism

Mortiz Schlick: Freedom and Responsibility

*John Hospers: Free Will and Psychoanalysis

Nancy Holmstrom: Firming Up Soft Determinism

Kitaro Nishida: Freedom of the Will

Chapter 7: ETHICS

The Ethics of Duty and Its Critics

The Bhagavad-Gita: Right Action

Immanual Kant: Moral Duty

John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism

Virginia Held: Feminist Transformation of Moral Theory

Universal Concern for Others: Altruism vs. Egoism

*Motse: Universal Love

Ayn Rand: The Virtue of Selfishness

Gunapala Dharmasiri: Buddhist Ethics

*Carlo Filice: On the Obligation to Stay Informed

About Distant Atrocities

Subjectivism and the Problem of Relativisim

Alejandro Korn: Values Are Subjective

*Alain Locke: A Functional View of Value Ultimates

*David Wong: Relativism

Chapter 8: THE MEANING OF LIFE AND DEATH

Happiness and the Good Life

Aristotle: The Rational Life

Tabatabai: Islam is the Road to Happiness

*Joan Chittister: Living The Rule of St. Benedict Today

*H. Sadddahtissa: The Four Noble Truths

*Herbert John Benally: Navajo Ways of Knowing

Albert Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus

Taoist and Confucian Views

Lao Tus: Living in the Tao

Chuang Tsu: Lost in the Tao

Raymond M. Smullyan: Whichever the Way

*Fung Yu-Lan: The Spheres of Living

Facing Death

*Ancient Egyptian: The Dispute of a Man with his Soul

*Native Mesoamerican: Thought of the Sages

*The Dalai Lama: Living and Dying in Peace

Gregory Baum: Social Conceptions of Death

Ettty Hillesum: Facing Death

Chapter 9: SOCIAL JUSTICE

Perspectives, Difference and Moral Respect

*Peggy McIntosh: White Privilege and Male Privilege

*Laurence Thomas: Moral Deference

*Paula M.L. Moya: Chicana Woman Identity

*Karen Fiser: Philosophy and Disability

Social Equality

*Satyavrata Siddhantalankar: Defense of Varna (Caste)

*John Rawls: A Theory of Justice

*H. Odera Oruka: Critique of Rawls

Social Change: Violence or Nonviolence

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Mohandas K. Gandhi: Nonviolent Resistance

*Martin Luther King: Non-Violence and Social Change

Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary

Enrique Dussel: Revolution and Violence Indicates New Reading

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