Philosophy : The Power of Ideas

by Moore, Brooke Noel; Bruder, Kenneth

• ISBN13: 9780767420112
• ISBN10: 076742011X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-08-06
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

One of the most widely adopted texts in the field, Philosophy: The Power of Ideas offers a topical introduction to philosophy within an overarching historical framework. The goal of the authors is to make philosophy understandable while not oversimplifying the material, showing that philosophy contains powerful ideas that affect the lives of real people.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Powerful Ideas	1	(14)
What Is Philosophy?	2	(3)
Misconceptions about Philosophy	5	(2)
The Tools of Philosophy: Argument and Logic	7	(2)
The Divisions of Philosophy	9	(1)
The Benefits of Philosophy	10	(2)
Checklist	12	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	12	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	13	(2)
Part One METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY: EXISTENCE AND KNOWLEDGE	15	(194)
The Pre-Socratics	16	(14)
The Milesians	18	(2)
Pythagoras	20	(1)
Heraclitus and Parmenides	21	(3)
Empedocles and Anaxagoras	24	(2)
The Atomists	26	(2)
Checklist	28	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	29	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	29	(1)
Socrates, Plato	30	(25)
Socrates	30	(2)
Plato	32	(21)
Plato's Metaphysics: The Theory of Forms	32	(3)
Plato's Theory of Knowledge	35	(3)
Plato's Theory of Love and Becoming	38	(2)
Republic	40	(8)
Plato
Meno	48	(5)
Plato
Checklist	53	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	53	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	53	(2)
Aristotle	55	(11)
What Is It to Be?	56	(2)
Actuality and Possibility	58	(1)
Essence and Existence	59	(1)
Ten Basic Categories	59	(1)
The Three Souls	60	(1)
Aristotle and the Theory of Forms	60	(1)
Aristotle's Theory of Knowledge	61	(1)
Logic	62	(3)
Metaphysics	62	(3)
Aristotle
Checklist	65	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	65	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	65	(1)
Philosophers of the Hellenistic and Christian Eras	66	(22)
Metaphysics in the Roman Empire	67	(9)
Plotinus	67	(1)
The Rise of Christianity	68	(1)
St. Augustine	69	(2)
Augustine and Skepticism	71	(3)
Hypatia	74	(2)
The Middle Ages and Aquinas	76	(10)
Confessions	81	(5)
St. Augustine
Checklist	86	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	86	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	86	(2)
The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology	88	(32)
Descartes and Dualism	91	(7)
Skepticism As the Key to Certainty	93	(1)
The ``Clear and Distinct'' Litmus Test	94	(4)
Hobbes and Materialism	98	(2)
Perception	98	(1)
Difficulties in Hobbes's Theory	99	(1)
The Alternative Views of Conway, Spinoza, and Leibniz	100	(5)
The Metaphysics of Anne Conway	100	(2)
Spinoza	102	(2)
Leibniz	104	(1)
The Idealism of Locke and Berkeley	105	(12)
John Locke and Representative Realism	106	(1)
George Berkeley and Idealism	107	(3)
Material Things As Clusters of Ideas	110	(1)
Berkeley and Atheism	111	(1)
Meditations on First Philosophy	112	(2)
Rene Descartes
Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge	114	(3)
George Berkeley
Checklist	117	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	117	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	118	(2)
The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries	120	(27)
David Hume	121	(5)
The Quarter Experiment	121	(2)
Hume on the Self	123	(1)
Hume on Cause and Effect	124	(2)
Immanuel Kant	126	(4)
The Ordering Principles of the Mind	126	(3)
Things-in-Themselves	129	(1)
The Nineteenth Century	130	(14)
Main Themes of Hegel	130	(3)
Arthur Schopenhauer	133	(1)
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	134	(3)
David Hume
Critique of Pure Reason	137	(1)
Immanuel Kant
The Philosophy of History	138	(1)
George Hegel
The World As Will and Representation	139	(5)
Arthur Schopenhauer
Checklist	144	(1)
Question for Discussion and Review	145	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	145	(2)
The Continental Tradition	147	(26)
Existentialism	148	(4)
Two Existentialists	152	(8)
Albert Camus	154	(3)
Jean-Paul Sartre	157	(2)
Sartre and Kant on Ethics	159	(1)
You Are What You Do	160	(1)
Phenomenology	160	(10)
Edmund Husserl	160	(2)
Martin Heidegger	162	(4)
Existentialism and Humanism	166	(3)
Jean-Paul Sartre
The Myth of Sisyphus	169	(1)
Albert Camus
Checklist	170	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	170	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	171	(2)
The Pragmatic and Analytic Traditions	173	(36)
Pragmatism	174	(3)
Analytic Philosophy	177	(16)
What Analysis Is	177	(1)
A Brief Overview of Analytic Philosophy	177	(4)
Language and Science	181	(3)
Experience, Language, and the World	184	(5)
Antirepresentationalism	189	(2)
Wittgenstein's Turnaround	191	(2)
The Philosophy of Mind	193	(12)
Dualism	193	(1)
Behaviorism	194	(2)
Identity Theory	196	(1)
Functionalism	197	(2)
The Elimination of Metaphysics	199	(3)
A. J. Ayer
Sensations and Brain Processes	202	(2)
J. J. C. Smart
Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth	204	(1)
Richard Rorty
Checklist	205	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	206	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	206	(3)
Part Two MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY	209	(130)
Moral Philosophy	210	(55)
Skepticism, Relativism, and Subjectivism	211	(1)
Egoism	212	(1)
Hedonism	213	(1)
The Five Main Ethical Frameworks	214	(1)
The Early Greeks	214	(8)
Plato	215	(3)
A Complete Ethical Theory	218	(1)
Aesara, the Lucanian	219	(1)
Aristotle	220	(2)
Epicureanism and Stoicism	222	(4)
Epicureanism	223	(1)
The Stoics	224	(2)
Christianizing Ethics	226	(7)
St. Augustine	226	(1)
St. Hildegard of Bingen	227	(2)
Heloise and Abelard	229	(3)
St. Thomas Aquinas	232	(1)
Hobbes and Hume	233	(4)
Hobbes	233	(1)
Hume	234	(1)
Value Judgments Are Based on Emotion, Not Reason	235	(1)
Benevolence	236	(1)
Can There Be Ethics after Hume?	237	(1)
Kant	237	(3)
The Supreme Principle of Morality	238	(1)
Why You Should Do What, You Should Do	239	(1)
The Utilitarians	240	(4)
Bentham	240	(2)
Mill	242	(2)
Friedrich Nietzsche	244	(16)
Gorgias	245	(3)
Plato
Epicurus to Menoeceus	248	(2)
Epicurus
The Encheiridion	250	(2)
Epictetus
Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals	252	(2)
Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism	254	(3)
John Stuart Mill
Beyond Good and Evil	257	(3)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Checklist	260	(2)
Questions for Discussion and Review	262	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	263	(2)
Political Philosophy	265	(43)
Plato and Aristotle	266	(3)
Plato	266	(2)
Aristotle	268	(1)
Natural Law Theory and Contractarian Theory	269	(6)
Augustine and Aquinas	269	(1)
Hobbes	270	(5)
Two Other Contractarian Theorists	275	(8)
John Locke	275	(4)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau	279	(4)
American Constitutional Theory	283	(2)
Natural Law and Rights in the Declaration of Independence	283	(1)
Natural Law and Rights in the U.S. Constitution	284	(1)
The Right to Privacy	285	(1)
Classic Liberalism and Marxism	285	(19)
Adam Smith	286	(1)
Utilitarianism and Natural Rights	286	(1)
Harriet Taylor	286	(1)
John Stuart Mill	287	(2)
Marxism	289	(5)
Marxism and Communism	294	(1)
Anarchism	295	(1)
Leviathan	296	(4)
Thomas Hobbes
On Liberty	300	(2)
John Stuart Mill
Communist Manifesto	302	(2)
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Checklist	304	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	305	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	306	(2)
Recent Moral and Political Philosophy	308	(31)
G. E. Moore	308	(2)
Normative Ethics and Metaethics	310	(1)
W. D. Ross	311	(1)
Emotivism and Beyond	312	(3)
John Rawls, a Contemporary Liberal	315	(4)
The Fundamental Requirements of the Just Society	316	(1)
The Veil of Ignorance and the Original Position	316	(1)
The Two Principles of Social Justice	317	(1)
The Rights of Individuals	317	(1)
Why Should I Accept Rawl's Provisions?	318	(1)
Robert Nozick's Libertarianism	319	(3)
A Minimal State Is Justified	320	(1)
Only the ``Night-Watchman'' State Does Not Violate Rights	320	(2)
The Rights of Individuals	322	(1)
Communitarian Responses to Rawls	322	(4)
Alasdair MacIntyre and Virtue Ethics	323	(3)
Herbert Marcuse, a Contemporary Marxist	326	(2)
``Isms''	328	(8)
Killing and Starving to Death	330	(3)
James Rachels
A Theory of Justice	333	(1)
John Rawls
Anarchy, State, and Utopia	334	(2)
Robert Nozick
Checklist	336	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	336	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	337	(2)
Part Three PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION: REASON AND FAITH	339	(48)
Philosophy and Belief in God	340	(47)
Two Christian Greats	341	(6)
Anselm	341	(3)
Aquinas	344	(3)
Mysticism	347	(3)
Seventeenth-Century Perspectives	350	(5)
Descartes	350	(2)
Leibniz	352	(3)
Eighteenth-Century Perspectives	355	(6)
Hume	355	(4)
Kant	359	(2)
Nineteenth-Century Perspectives	361	(9)
Newman	361	(1)
Kierkegaard	362	(1)
Nietzsche	363	(2)
James	365	(5)
Twentieth-Century Perspectives	370	(13)
God and Logical Positivism	370	(2)
Mary Daly: The Unfolding of God	372	(3)
Who Needs Reasons for Believing in God?	375	(1)
Proslogion	376	(1)
St. Anselm
Summa Theologica	377	(1)
St. Thomas Aquinas
The Gay Science	378	(1)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Theology and Falsification	379	(1)
Antony Flew
After the Death of God the Father	380	(3)
Mary Daly
Checklist	383	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	384	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	385	(2)
Part Four OTHER VOICES	387	(158)
Feminist Philosophy	388	(49)
The First Wave	388	(3)
The Second Wave	391	(42)
Androgyny As an Alternative	396	(2)
Problems with Androgyny As an Ideal	398	(2)
Feminist Moral Theory	400	(3)
Justice, Gender, and the Family: Susan Moller Okin	403	(2)
Sexism and Language	405	(2)
Division of Labor Analysis	407	(1)
Pornography	407	(1)
The Importance of Recognizing Diversity	408	(1)
Feminist Epistemology	409	(2)
Ecofeminism	411	(3)
A Vindication of the Rights of Women	414	(1)
Mary Wollstonecraft
The Second Sex	415	(3)
Simone de Beauvoir
Sexism: The Male Monopoly on History and Thought	418	(4)
Marielouise Janssen-Jurreit
Should the History and Philosophy of Science Be X-Rated?	422	(2)
Sandra Harding
Justice, Gender, and the Family	424	(6)
Susan Moller Okin
The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism	430	(3)
Karen J. Warren
Checklist	433	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	434	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	435	(2)
An Era of Suspicion	437	(21)
Jurgen Habermas	438	(3)
Michel Foucault	441	(2)
Structuralism versus Deconstruction	443	(5)
Jacques Derrida	444	(4)
Richard Rorty	448	(8)
The History of Sexuality	450	(1)
Michel Foucault
Madness and Civilization	451	(1)
Michel Foucault
Toward a Rational Society	452	(3)
Jurgen Habermas
Philosophy and Social Hope	455	(1)
Richard Rorty
Checklist	456	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	456	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	456	(2)
Eastern Influences	458	(49)
Hinduism	459	(3)
Buddhism	462	(5)
Buddha	462	(5)
Taoism	467	(8)
Lao Tzu	467	(5)
Chuang Tzu	472	(3)
Confucianism	475	(9)
Confucius	475	(4)
Mencius	479	(4)
Hsun Tzu	483	(1)
Zen Buddhism in China and Japan	484	(9)
Hui Neng	484	(3)
Buddhism in Japan	487	(1)
Murasaki Shikibu	488	(3)
Dogen Kigen	491	(2)
The Philosophy of the Samurai (c. 1100-1900)	493	(11)
The Influence of Confucius	495	(2)
The Influence of Zen Buddhism	497	(2)
Analects	499	(2)
Confucius
The Eightfold Noble Path	501	(3)
Buddha
Checklist	504	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	505	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	505	(2)
Postcolonial Thought	507	(38)
Historical Background	509	(2)
Africa	511	(5)
Oral and Traditional Philosophy	513	(3)
The Americas	516	(8)
African American Thought	519	(3)
Latin American Thought	522	(2)
South Asia	524	(17)
Satyagraha	525	(2)
Metaphysics	527	(1)
On African Socialism	528	(2)
Leopold Sedar Senghor
The Sword That Heals	530	(1)
Martin Luther King Jr.
Existentialism and the Crisis of Philosophy	531	(2)
Carlos Astrada
Man without Theory	533	(3)
Francisco Miro Quesada
Feminism on the Border: From Gender Politics to Geopolitics	536	(2)
Sonia Saldivar-Hull
Satyagraha	538	(2)
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Towards Universal Man	540	(1)
Rabindranath Tagore
Checklist	541	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	542	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	543	(2)
Photo Credits	545	(2)
Glossary/Index	547