Summary

Preface. Part I: INTRODUCTION. 1. The Nature of Philosophy. Introduction: What is Philosophy? The Traditional Divisions of Philosophy. An Example of Philosophy: Socrates. The Value of Philosophy. Chapter Summary and Conclusions. Historical Showcase: The First Philosophers. Readings. Appendix: A Look at Logic. Suggestions for Further Reading. 2. Human Nature. Introduction: Why Study Human Nature? What is Human Nature? How Do Mind and Body Relate? Is There an Enduring Self? Are We Independent and Self-Sufficient Individuals? Chapter Summary and Conclusions. Historical Showcase: Plato, Aristotle and Confucius. Readings. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part II: METAPHYSICS. 3. Reality and Being. Introduction: What is Real? Reality: Material or Nonmaterial? Reality in Pragmatism. Reality and Logical Positivism. Antirealism: The New Idealists. Encountering Reality: Phenomenology and Existentialism. Is Freedom Real? Is Time Real? Chapter Summary and Conclusions. Historical Showcase: Hobbes and Berkeley. Readings. Suggestions for Further Reading. 4. Philosophy and God. Introduction: What is Religion? Does God Exist? Atheism, Agnosticism, and the Problem of Evil. Traditional Religious Belief and Experience. Nontraditional Religious Experience. Chapter Summary and Conclusions. Historical Showcase: Aquinas, Descartes, and Conway. Readings. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part III: EPISTEMOLOGY. 5. The Sources of Knowledge. Introduction: Why is Knowledge a Problem? Is Reason the Source of Our Knowledge? Can the Senses Account for all Our Knowledge? Kant: Does the Knowing Mind Shape the World? Does Science Give Us Knowledge? Chapter Summary and Conclusions. Historical Showcase: Hume. Readings. Suggestions for Further Reading. 6. Truth. Introduction: Belief, Knowledge and Truth. What is Truth? Does Science Give Us Truth? Can Interpretations Be True? Chapter Summary and Conclusions. Historical Showcase: Kant. Readings. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part IV: VALUES. 7. Ethics. Introduction: What is Ethics? Is Ethics Relative? Do Consequences Make an Action Right? Do Rules Define Morality? Is Ethics Based on Character? Can Ethics Resolve Moral Quandaries? Ethics and Moral Responsibility. Chapter Summary and Conclusions. Historical Showcase: Nietzsche and Wollstonecraft. Readings. Suggestions for Further Reading. 8. Social Philosophy. Introduction: What is Social Philosophy? What Justifies the State? What is Justice? Law and Civil Disobedience. Chapter Summary and Conclusions. Historical Showcase: Marx and Rawls. Readings. Suggestions for Further Reading. 9. Postscript: Art and Meaning. Introduction. What is Art? Does Life Have Meaning? Chapter Summary and Conclusions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Art Acknowledgments. Glossary. Appendix.

Preface to the Eighth Edition	p. vii
Introduction	p. 1
The Nature of Philosophy
Introduction: What Is Philosophy?	p. 4
The Traditional Divisions of Philosophy	p. 11
An Example of Philosophy: Socrates	p. 18
The Value of Philosophy	p. 32
Chapter Summary and Conclusions	p. 40
Historical Showcase: The First Philosophers	p. 42
Readings	p. 47
Appendix: A Look at Logic	p. 51
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 72
Human Nature
Introduction: Why Study Human Nature?	p. 76
What Is Human Nature?	p. 81
How Do Mind and Body Relate?	p. 104
Is There an Enduring Self?	p. 118
Are We Independent and Self-Sufficient Individuals?	p. 130
Chapter Summary and Conclusions	p. 140
Historical Showcase: Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius	p. 144
Readings	p. 162
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 172
Metaphysics	p. 175
Reality and Being
Introduction: What Is Real?	p. 178
Reality: Material or Nonmaterial?	p. 182
Reality in Pragmatism	p. 200
Reality and Logical Positivism	p. 205
Antirealism: The New Idealists	p. 211
Encountering Reality: Phenomenology and Existentialism	p. 218
Is Freedom Real?	p. 231
Is Time Real?	p. 241
Chapter Summary and Conclusions	p. 247
Historical Showcase: Hobbes and Berkeley	p. 250
Readings	p. 261
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 272
Philosophy and God
Introduction: What Is Religion?	p. 276
Does God Exist?	p. 280
Atheism, Agnosticism, and the Problem of Evil	p. 293
Traditional Religious Belief and Experience	p. 302
Nontraditional Religious Experience	p. 309
Chapter Summary and Conclusions	p. 325
Historical Showcase: Aquinas, Descartes, and Conway	p. 328
Readings	p. 344
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 355
Epistemology	p. 357
The Sources of Knowledge
Introduction: Why Is Knowledge a Problem?	p. 360
Is Reason the Source of Our Knowledge?	p. 366
Can the Senses Account for All Our Knowledge?	p. 378
Kant: Does the Knowing Mind Shape the World?	p. 393
Does Science Give Us Knowledge?	p. 402
Chapter Summary and Conclusions	p. 415
Historical Showcase: Hume	p. 418
Readings	p. 425
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 434
Truth
Introduction: Belief, Knowledge, and Truth	p. 436
What Is Truth?	p. 441
Does Science Give Us Truth?	p. 464
Can Interpretations Be True?	p. 471
Chapter Summary and Conclusions	p. 481
Historical Showcase: Kant	p. 484
Readings	p. 494
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 504
Values	p. 507
Ethics
Introduction: What Is Ethics?	p. 510
Is Ethics Relative?	p. 515
Do Consequences Make an Action Right?	p. 519
Do Rules Define Morality?	p. 531
Is Ethics Based on Character?	p. 554
Can Ethics Resolve Moral Quandaries?	p. 565
Ethics and Moral Responsibility	p. 576
Chapter Summary and Conclusions	p. 582
Historical Showcase: Nietzsche and Wollstonecraft	p. 584
Readings	p. 595
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 603
Social Philosophy
Introduction: What Is Social Philosophy?	p. 606
What Justifies the State?	p. 608
What Is Justice?	p. 627
Law and Civil Disobedience	p. 646
Chapter Summary and Conclusions	p. 657
Historical Showcase: Marx and Rawls	p. 661
Readings	p. 674
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 681
Postscript: Art and Meaning
Introduction	p. 684
What Is Art?	p. 686
Does Life Have Meaning?	p. 702
Chapter Summary and Conclusions	p. 714
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 715
Glossary	p. 717
Index	p. 723
Art Acknowledgments	p. 739
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