Photochemistry

by Gilbert, A.; Horspool, William M. (CON); Allen, Norman S. (CON); Cox, Alan (CON)

• ISBN13: 9780854044306
• ISBN10: 0854044302
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-10-26
• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Summary

The breadth of scientific and technological interests in the general topic of photochemistry is truly enormous and includes, for example, such diverse areas as microelectronics, atmospheric chemistry, organic synthesis, non-conventional photoimaging, photosynthesis, solar energy conversion, polymer technologies, and spectroscopy. This Specialist Periodical Report on Photochemistry aims to provide an annual review of photo-induced processes that have relevance to the above wide-ranging academic and commercial disciplines, and interests in chemistry, physics, biology and technology. In order to provide easy access to this vast and varied literature, each volume of Photochemistry comprises sections concerned with photophysical processes in condensed phases, organic aspects which are sub-divided by chromophore type, polymer photochemistry, and photochemical aspects of solar energy conversion. Volume 34 covers literature published from July 2001 to June 2002. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject areas, the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, with regular, in-depth accounts of progress in particular fields of chemistry. Subject coverage within different volumes of a given title is similar and publication is on an annual or biennial basis.

Table of Contents

Introduction and Review of the Year	p. 1
Physical Aspects of Photochemistry	p. 13
Photophysical Processes in Condensed Phases	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
General Aspects of Photophysical Processes	p. 15
Kinetic and Theoretical Considerations	p. 16
Photophysical Processes in Liquid or Solid Media	p. 19
Detection of Single Molecules	p. 20
Radiative and Non-radiative Decay Processes	p. 20
Amplitude or Torsional Motion	p. 21
Quenching of Excited States	p. 23
Electron-transfer Reactions	p. 23
Energy-transfer Reactions	p. 24
Photophysics of Fullerenes	p. 25
Applications of Photophysics	p. 26
Advances in Instrument Design and Utilisation	p. 26
References	p. 28
Organic Aspects of Photochemistry	p. 47
Photolysis of Carbonyl Compounds	p. 49
Norrish Type I Reactions	p. 51
Norrish Type II Reactions	p. 54
1,5-Hydrogen Transfer	p. 54
Other Hydrogen Transfers	p. 56
Oxetane Formation	p. 59
Miscellaneous Reactions	p. 62
Decarbonylation and Decarboxylation	p. 62
Other Fission Processes	p. 65
Miscellaneous Reactions	p. 68
References	p. 70
Enone Cycloadditions and Rearrangements: Photoreactions of Dienones and Quinones	p. 74
Cycloaddition Reactions	p. 74
Intermolecular Cycloaddition	p. 74
Open-chain Systems	p. 74
Additions to Cyclopentenones and Related Systems	p. 75
Additions to Cyclohexenones and Related Systems	p. 77
Miscellaneous Additions	p. 78
Intramolecular Additions	p. 81
Intramolecular Additions to Cyclopentenones	p. 82
Additions to Cyclohexenones and Related Systems	p. 82
Other Additions	p. 82
Rearrangement Reactions	p. 84
[alpha],[beta]-Unsaturated Systems	p. 84
Isomerisation	p. 84
Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions	p. 85
Rearrangement Reactions	p. 87
[beta],[gamma]-Unsaturated Systems	p. 87
The Oxa Di-[pi]-methane Reaction and Related Processes	p. 87
Photoreactions of Thymines and Related Compounds	p. 89
Photoreactions of Pyridones	p. 89
Photoreactions of Thymines etc.	p. 91
Miscellaneous Processes	p. 94
Photochemistry of Dienones	p. 94
Cross-conjugated Dienones	p. 94
Linearly Conjugated Dienones	p. 95
1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-Diketones	p. 96
Reactions of 1,2-Diketones and Other 1,2-Dicarbonyl Compounds	p. 96
Reactions of 1,3-Diketones	p. 97
Reactions of 1,4-Diketones	p. 98
Phthalimides and Related Compounds	p. 101
Fulgides and Fulgimides	p. 103
Quinones	p. 104
o-Quinones	p. 104
p-Quinones	p. 105
References	p. 110
Photochemistry of Alkenes, Alkynes and Related Compounds	p. 117
Reactions of Alkenes	p. 117
cis, trans-Isomerisation	p. 117
Stilbenes and Related Compounds	p. 118
The Dithienylethene System and Related Compounds	p. 119
Miscellaneous Reactions	p. 122
Addition Reactions	p. 122
Electron Transfer Processes	p. 124
Other Processes	p. 125
Reactions Involving Cyclopropane Rings	p. 126
The Di-[pi]-methane Rearrangement and Related Processes	p. 126
SET Induced Reactions	p. 128
Miscellaneous Reactions Involving Three-membered Ring Compounds	p. 129
Reactions of Dienes and Trienes	p. 129
Vitamin D Analogues	p. 133
(2+2)-Intramolecular Additions	p. 133
Dimerisation and Intermolecular Additions	p. 139
Miscellaneous Reactions	p. 140
Reactions Involving Cations and Radicals	p. 140
Miscellaneous Rearrangements and Bond Fission Processes	p. 140
References	p. 143
Photochemistry of Aromatic Compounds	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Isomerization Reactions	p. 149
Addition Reactions	p. 161
Substitution Reactions	p. 169
Cyclization Reactions	p. 173
Dimerization Reactions	p. 177
Lateral Nuclear Shifts	p. 181
Miscellaneous Photochemistry	p. 182
References	p. 185
Photo-reduction and -oxidation	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Reduction of the Carbonyl Group	p. 197
Reduction of Nitrogen-containing Compounds	p. 206
Miscellaneous Reductions	p. 209
Singlet Oxygen	p. 217
Oxidation of Aliphatic Compounds	p. 218
Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds	p. 225
Oxidation of Nitrogen-containing Compounds	p. 229
Miscellaneous Oxidations	p. 234
References	p. 236
Photoreactions of Compounds Containing Heteroatoms Other than Oxygen	p. 246
Introduction	p. 246
Nitrogen-containing Compounds	p. 246
E,Z-Isomerisations	p. 246
Photocyclisations	p. 249
Photoadditions	p. 256
Intramolecular Addition Reactions	p. 256
Intermolecular Addition Reactions	p. 258
Other Addition Reactions	p. 262
Excited-state Proton Transfer	p. 264
Rearrangements	p. 265
Other Processes	p. 267
Sulfur-containing Compounds	p. 281
Compounds Containing Other Heteroatoms	p. 289
Silicon and Germanium	p. 289
Phosphorus	p. 294
Other Elements	p. 296
References	p. 298
Photoelimination	p. 312
Introduction	p. 312
Elimination of Nitrogen from Azo Compounds and Analogues	p. 313
Elimination of Nitrogen from Diazo Compounds and Diazirines	p. 315
Generation of Alkyl and Alicyclic Carbenes	p. 315
Generation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Carbenes	p. 316
Photolysis of Diazo Carbonyl Compounds	p. 317
Elimination of Nitrogen from Azides and Related Compounds	p. 318
Aryl Azides	p. 318
Heteroaryl Azides	p. 320
Photoelimination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide	p. 321
Photoelimination of CO and CO[subscript 2] from Organometallic Compounds	p. 321
Photoelimination of NO and NO[subscript 2]	p. 324
Miscellaneous Photoeliminations and Photofragmentations	p. 324
Photoelimination from Hydrocarbons	p. 324
Photoelimination from Organohalogen Compounds	p. 325
Photofragmentations of Organosilicon and Organogermanium Compounds	p. 328
Photofragmentations of Organosulfur and Organoselenium Compounds	p. 330
Photolysis of o-Nitrobenzyl Derivatives	p. 331
Other Photofragmentations	p. 332
References	p. 333
Polymer Photochemistry	p. 341
Introduction	p. 343
Photopolymerization	p. 343
Photoinitiated Addition Polymerization	p. 344
Photocrosslinking	p. 348
Photografting	p. 353
Luminescence and Optical Properties	p. 354
Photodegradation and Photooxidation Processes in Polymers	p. 370
Polyolefins	p. 370
Poly(acrylates) and poly(alkyl acrylates)	p. 371
Poly(vinyl halides)	p. 371
Polyamides and Polyimides	p. 371
Poly(alkyl and aromatic ethers)	p. 371
Silicone Polymers	p. 371
Polyurethanes and Rubbers	p. 372
Polyesters	p. 372
Photoablation of Polymers	p. 372
Natural Polymers	p. 373
Miscellaneous Polymers	p. 373
Photostabilization of Polymers	p. 374
Photochemistry of Dyed and Pigmented Polymers	p. 375
References	p. 376
Photochemical Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion	p. 407
Introduction	p. 409
Homogeneous Photosystems	p. 409
Heterogeneous Photosystems	p. 410
Photoelectrochemical Cells	p. 412
Biological Systems	p. 413
Luminescent Solar Concentrators	p. 416
References	p. 416
Author Index	p. 419
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