* This is one of the first books to present both detailed theoretical background and the application of such theory towards the design and development of realistic photonic based devices * Presents in detail the various applications examined to date * Provides the theoretical background necessary to understand the fundamental physics underlying the crystalline nature of photonic crystal structure * Deals not only with the bandgap properties of photonic crystals but also their unique dispersion properties and their potential applications

Dennis W. Prather, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Delaware, where he leads the Laboratory for Nanoscale and Integrated Photonic Systems. Professor Prather is a Fellow of SPIE and OSA.

Preface	p. ix
Introduction	p. 1
Historical Overview	p. 3
Analogy Between Photonic and Semiconductor Crystals	p. 6
Analyzing Photonic-Bandgap Structures	p. 8
References	p. 11
Preliminary Concepts of Electromagnetic Waves and Periodic Media	p. 17
Electromagnetic Waves	p. 17
Maxwell's Equations in Linear, Homogeneous Media	p. 18
Electromagnetic Waves	p. 21
Optical Waves	p. 23
Guided Waves	p. 28
Group Velocity in Homogeneous Media	p. 37
Periodic Media	p. 38
Real-Space Lattices, Lattice Vectors	p. 39
Reciprocal Lattice and Brillouin Zone	p. 47
Waves in Periodic Media	p. 49
Wave Equation in Periodic Dielectric Structures	p. 49
Group Velocity in Periodic Media	p. 55
Dispersion Surfaces and Band Diagrams	p. 57
References	p. 60
Numerical Methods	p. 63
Overview	p. 63
Plane-Wave Expansion Method	p. 65
Preliminaries	p. 65
One-Dimensional Plane-Wave Expansion Method	p. 66
Two-Dimensional Plane-Wave Expansion Method	p. 72
Three-Dimensional Plane-Wave Expansion Method	p. 84
Practical Considerations in the Implementation of the Plane-Wave Expansion Method	p. 87
Photonic-Crystal Slab by Plane-Wave Expansion Method	p. 90
Revised Plane-Wave Method for Dispersive Material and its Application to Band-Structure Calculations of Photonic-Crystal Slabs	p. 102
Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method	p. 108
Central-Difference Expressions of Maxwell's Equations	p. 109
Two-Dimensional FDTD Method	p. 110
Three-Dimensional FDTD Method	p. 112
Numerical Stability and Dispersion	p. 114
Simulating Transient and Steady-State System Response	p. 116
Absorbing Boundary Conditions	p. 118
FDTD for Photonic Crystals	p. 122
References	p. 125
Devices and Applications Based on Photonic Bandgaps	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Point Defects	p. 134
Numerical Analysis of Point Defects	p. 134
Design Criteria for Photonic-Crystal Cavities	p. 137
Line Defects	p. 139
Photonic-Crystal Line Defects for Waveguiding	p. 140
Line Defects in Photonic-Crystal Slabs	p. 144
Extracting Dispersion Properties Using a Single-Frequency Source	p. 147
Applications that Use Strong Confinement in PhC	p. 150
Waveguide Bends	p. 150
Zero-Cross-Talk Waveguide Crossing	p. 154
Narrow-Band Beam Splitter	p. 156
Air-Bridge Microcavity	p. 157
Channel-Drop Filters in Photonic Crystals	p. 159
Optical Spectrometer	p. 160
Hybrid Photonic-Crystal Structures	p. 163
Electrically and Thermally Tunable Photonic Crystals	p. 168
Photonic-Crystal Optical Networks	p. 169
Coupled Photonic-Crystal Waveguides	p. 171
Other Applications of Photonic Bandgap	p. 188
References	p. 189
Engineering Photonic-Crystal Dispersion Properties	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Dispersion in Photonic Crystals	p. 198
Superprism Effect	p. 201
Self-Collimation	p. 205
Experimental Demonstration of Self-Collimation	p. 208
Self-Guiding Heterolattice	p. 211
Redirecting Light in Self-Collimating PhCs	p. 214
Beam Splitting in Self-Collimating PhC	p. 217
Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter	p. 224
Self-Collimation in Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals	p. 231
Experimental Verification of 3D Self-Collimation	p. 239
Left-Handed Behavior and Negative Refraction	p. 245
3D Subwavelength Imaging by a Photonic-Crystal Flat Lens	p. 247
Superprism, Negative Refraction and Self-Collimation	p. 254
Summary	p. 259
References	p. 259
Fabrication	p. 263
Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals	p. 263
Fabrication of Planar Photonic Crystals	p. 266
Fabrication of 2D Photonic Crystals	p. 269
Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Micromachining	p. 274
Layer-by-Layer Fabrication	p. 274
Woodpile Photonic Crystals	p. 281
Autocloning Technique	p. 297
Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD)	p. 307
Macroporous Silicon	p. 313
Realizing Yablonovite for Near Infrared with Chemically Assisted Ion-Beam Etching	p. 323
Sculpting Bulk Silicon with Reactive Plasma	p. 327
Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Holographic Lithography	p. 333
Interference of Coherent Waves	p. 334
Patterning PhCs with Interference Lithography	p. 336
Engineering the Interference Pattern	p. 336
Holographic Fabrication Methods for 3D PhCs	p. 341
Summary	p. 349
Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Multiphoton Polymerization	p. 350
Stereolithogrphy/Laser Rapid Prototyping to Fabricate Arbitrary 3D Structures	p. 350
Multiphoton Absorption	p. 350
PhC Fabrication Using Multiphoton Absorption	p. 356
Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Self-Assembly	p. 358
Monodisperse Colloidal Suspensions	p. 359
Colloidal Crystallization	p. 362
Self-Assembly Methods	p. 364
References	p. 369
Index	p. 383
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