Physical Activity Epidemiology

by Dishman, Rod

• ISBN13: 9780880116053
• ISBN10: 0880116056
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-09-19
• Publisher: Human Kinetics

Summary

In one comprehensive resource, Physical Activity Epidemiologypresents the historical background and main concepts of epidemiology and discussion and summary of original research. The text explains how and why epidemiology is important as well as how it is used and applied.This is the first textbook dedicated solely to the epidemiology of physical activity and the only complete reference written for students. It is a practical and informative resource for both students of epidemiology and established professionals.The authors provide detailed discussion of real-life examples to assist students'understanding of how physical activity epidemiology is used and applied. The book covers all the important areas, including disease mortality, risk factors, chronic diseases, and cancer and immunity.The organization of Physical Activity Epidemiologyinto five progressive parts and 16 specific chapters makes it easy for readers to understand how epidemiology is important. These special features further enhance learning: - A glossary clearly defines the concepts used in epidemiology. - Main point boxes highlight important concepts throughout the text. - Numerous studies cover a wide range of topics.You'll find Physical Activity Epidemiologyan easy-to-understand and relevant text. It sheds new light on the public health significance of physical activity and the methods employed to study this behavior in the population.

Author Biography

Rod K. Dishman, PhD The University of Georgia Richard A. Washburn, PhD The University of Kansas Gregory W. Heath, DHSc, MPH The University of Georgia

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
Introduction	xvii
Part I Introduction to Physical Activity Epidemiology	1	(68)
Origins of Physical Activity Epidemiology	3	(10)
Ancient History of Physical Activity and Health	3	(3)
Modern History of Physical Activity and Health	6	(3)
Health Goals for the Nation	9	(1)
Summary	10	(1)
Bibliography	11	(1)
Web Sites	12	(1)
Concepts and Methods in Physical Activity Epidemiology	13	(20)
Epidemiologic Measures	14	(1)
Crude, Specific, and Standardized Rates	15	(1)
Research Design in Epidemiologic Studies	16	(5)
Evaluating Associations in Epidemiologic Studies	21	(4)
Models in Physical Activity Epidemiology	25	(3)
Determining Cause in Epidemiologic Studies	28	(2)
Criteria for Causation	30	(1)
Summary	30	(1)
Bibliography	30	(1)
Web Site	31	(2)
Measurement and Surveillance of Physical Activity and Fitness	33	(36)
Why Is Behavioral Epidemiology Important?	34	(1)
What Is Physical Activity?	34	(1)
Measures of Physical Activity	35	(7)
What Is Physical Fitness?	42	(10)
Surveys and Surveillance of Physical Activity	52	(12)
Summary	64	(1)
Bibliography	65	(2)
Web Sites	67	(2)
Part II Physical Activity and Disease Mortality	69	(60)
All-Cause and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality	71	(42)
All-Cause Mortality	72	(1)
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality	73	(8)
Coronary Heart Disease Mortality	81	(5)
Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease: The Evidence	86	(20)
Summary	106	(1)
Bibliography	107	(5)
Web Site	112	(1)
Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke	113	(16)
Magnitude of the Problem	114	(1)
Risk Factors for Stroke	115	(2)
Etiology of Stroke	117	(1)
Physical Activity and Stroke Risk: The Evidence	118	(5)
Strength of the Evidence	123	(2)
Summary	125	(1)
Bibliography	125	(2)
Web Sites	127	(2)
Part III Physical Activity and Risk Factors	129	(60)
Physical Activity and Hypertension	131	(14)
Magnitude of the Problem	132	(1)
Treating Hypertension	133	(1)
Hypertension Etiology	134	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	135	(1)
Physical Activity and Reduced Hypertension Risk: The Evidence	136	(3)
Physical Activity and Treatment of Hypertension: The Evidence	139	(1)
Strength of the Evidence	139	(3)
Summary	142	(1)
Bibliography	143	(1)
Web Site	144	(1)
Physical Activity and Hyperlipidemia	145	(20)
Magnitude of the Problem	147	(5)
Hyperlipidemia Etiology	152	(1)
Physical Activity and Lipoprotein Levels: The Evidence	153	(2)
Exercise Training and Lipoprotein Levels: The Evidence	155	(4)
Strength of the Evidence	159	(1)
Summary	160	(1)
Bibliography	160	(3)
Web Sites	163	(2)
Physical Activity and Obesity	165	(24)
Magnitude of the Problem	166	(2)
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity	168	(1)
Assessing and Defining Overweight and Obesity	169	(8)
Etiology of Overweight and Obesity: Set Point or Settling Point?	177	(1)
Physical Activity and Overweight or Obesity: The Evidence	178	(3)
Strength of the Evidence	181	(3)
The Ultimate Goal: Weight Loss or Risk Reduction?	184	(1)
Summary	184	(1)
Bibliography	185	(3)
Web Sites	188	(1)
Part IV Physical Activity and Chronic Diseases	189	(46)
Physical Activity and Diabetes	191	(18)
Magnitude of the Problem	192	(1)
Demographics of Diabetes	192	(2)
Clinical Features	194	(1)
Health Burden of Diabetes	195	(1)
Risk Factors	196	(1)
Etiology of Type 2 Diabetes	196	(1)
Effects of Physical Activity on Diabetes Risk: The Evidence	197	(5)
Strength of the Evidence	202	(3)
Summary	205	(1)
Bibliography	205	(2)
Web Site	207	(2)
Physical Activity and Osteoporosis	209	(26)
Magnitude of the Problem	210	(2)
Fractures and Mortality	212	(1)
Sex Differences	212	(1)
Etiology of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis	212	(2)
Risk Factors	214	(1)
Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D	215	(1)
Hormone Replacement Therapy	216	(1)
Bone Measurement Techniques	216	(1)
Physical Activity and Osteoporosis: The Evidence	217	(9)
Strength of the Evidence	226	(3)
Summary	229	(1)
Bibliography	230	(3)
Web Sites	233	(2)
Part V Physical Activity, Cancer, and Immunity	235	(70)
Physical Activity and Cancer	237	(44)
Magnitude of the Problem	238	(1)
Etiology of Cancer	239	(2)
Risk Factors	241	(1)
Population Studies of Physical Activity: Specificity of Protection?	242	(1)
Colon and Rectal Cancer	243	(10)
Breast Cancer	253	(16)
Prostate Cancer	269	(8)
Bibliography	277	(3)
Web Sites	280	(1)
Physical Activity and the Immune System	281	(24)
An Abridged History of Immunology	282	(1)
The Immune System	283	(7)
Immunomodulation by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems	290	(3)
Physical Activity and Immunity: The Evidence	293	(4)
Mechanisms of Alterations in Monocytes, Granulocytes, and Natural Killer Cells After Acute Exercise	297	(1)
Exercise and Cytokines	298	(2)
Summary	300	(1)
Bibliography	301	(3)
Web Sites	304	(1)
Part VI Physical Activity and Special Concerns	305	(134)
Physical Activity and Mental Health	307	(46)
Depression	308	(1)
Magnitude of the Problem	309	(1)
Etiology of Depression	310	(1)
Brain Neurobiology in Depression	311	(4)
Treatment of Depression	315	(3)
Physical Activity and Depression: The Evidence	318	(1)
Preventing Depression: Population Studies	319	(14)
Anxiety Disorders	333	(1)
Magnitude of the Problem	334	(1)
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders	335	(1)
Brain Neurobiology in Anxiety Disorders	336	(1)
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders	336	(1)
Physical Activity and Anxiety: The Evidence	337	(7)
Summary	344	(1)
Bibliography	345	(6)
Web Site	351	(2)
Physical Activity and Disability	353	(14)
Magnitude of the Problem	354	(1)
Primary Disabling Conditions	355	(3)
Inactivity and Aging	358	(2)
The Disabling Consequences of Inactivity: Conditions Attributable to Inactivity	360	(1)
Physical Activity in the Prevention of Disability and Complications	361	(2)
Summary	363	(1)
Bibliography	363	(3)
Web Site	366	(1)
Hazards of Physical Activity	367	(24)
Magnitude of the Problem	368	(2)
Evaluating Risk	370	(5)
Methods of Research	375	(1)
The Injury Definition Problem	376	(1)
The Denominator Problem	377	(1)
Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death	378	(2)
Joint and Muscle Injury	380	(3)
Injury Features	383	(1)
Risk of Physical Activity Injuries: The Evidence	383	(1)
Other Medical Hazards	383	(1)
Psychological Hazards	383	(3)
Summary	386	(1)
Bibliography	386	(3)
Web Sites	389	(2)
Adopting and Maintaining a Physically Active Lifestyle	391	(48)
Barriers to Physical Activity	395	(3)
How Do People Decide to Be Active?	398	(7)
Environmental Intervention and Self-Regulation	405	(6)
Intervention Settings	411	(4)
Levels of Intervention	415	(1)
Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions	416	(3)
Recommendations for Community Interventions	419	(6)
Mediators of Physical Activity Interventions	425	(1)
Features of Physical Activity That Promote Adoption and Maintenance	426	(2)
Perceived Exertion	428	(2)
Summary	430	(1)
Bibliography	431	(6)
Web Sites	437	(2)
Glossary	439	(16)
Index	455	(12)
About the Authors	467