Physical Activity And Health

by Bouchard, Claude; Blair, Steven N.; Haskell, William L., Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780736050920
• ISBN10: 0736050922
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-09-13
• Publisher: Human Kinetics

Summary

Sedentary habits have been identified as a major public health problem in many countries. The timely Physical Activity and Healthaddresses an unmet need by providing a comprehensive treatment of the relationship between physical activity and health outcomes.Physical Activity and Healthis the first textbook to bring together the results of the most important studies in this rapidly changing field and offers a detailed yet concise and clear presentation of key concepts. The text provides a conceptual framework to help readers relate results from single studies or collections of studies to the overall paradigm linking physical activity and physical fitness to health.Written by Claude Bouchard and other leading scientists from around the world, this richly illustrated textbook offers information unmatched in accuracy and reliability. Where other books have simply promoted physical activity for the individual or a population, this book completely integrates and examines the relationship between physical activity and health by-providing a history of physical activity, including how levels of physical activity have changed over time and how this has affected the overall health of society;-highlighting the differences in the effects of physical activity on fitness across age, gender, and ethnic groups;-describing how various systems of the human body respond to physical activity;-illustrating the relationship between physical activity and health concerns such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and mental health;-offering guidance for determining the proper amount and type of exercise to be undertaken; and-suggesting new directions for research in this growing and changing field. The text explains the latest advances in understanding the effects of acute and chronic participation in physical activity and reviews the relationships between regular physical activity and health outcomes, including cardiovascular morbidities, mental health, and all-cause mortality. It also focuses on the prevention of diseases, quality of life, and well-being.The textbook offers the following features:-Chapter outlines that provide a user-friendly, conceptual framework-Key concepts, definitions, and study questions that simplify the review process-179 illustrations, 54 tables, and 51 photographs that clarify the text and emphasize key concepts Physical Activity and Healthis organized into five parts. Part Idefines the basic concepts, traces the history of the field, and summarizes evidence accumulated on the relationship between levels of physical activity and fitness and variations with age, between genders, and among ethnic groups. Part IIdescribes the latest advances in understanding the effects of acute and chronic participation in physical activity. Part IIIreviews the relationships between regular physical activity and health outcomesincluding cardiovascular morbidities, mental health, and all-cause mortalityand the levels of fitness and the same health outcomes. Part IVfocuses on the "how" and deals with dose-response issues and types of exercise programs. Part Vexplores how advances in genetics challenge our understanding of the complex relationships between physical activity, fitness, and health. It offers a practical integration of all the issues discussed in the preceding chapters.Some of the finest scientists in the field from the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia collaborated on this comprehensive resource. Readers can feel confident that they are receiving the most accurate information currently available on physical activity and health in any textbook. &

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

History and Current Status of the Study of Physical Activity and Health

Why Study Physical Activity and Health?

Human Evolution, History, and Physical Activity

Burden of Chronic Diseases

Health and Its Determinants

Aging and Health

Defining Physical Activity and Physical Fitness

Physical Inactivity Versus Physical Activity

Summary

Review Materials

Historical Perspectives on Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health

Early Beliefs About Physical Activity and Health Scientific Inquiry on Exercise and Health

Evolution of Physical Activity Guidelines

Summary

Review Materials

Physical Activity and Fitness with Age Among Sex and Ethnic Groups

Physical Activity

Physical Fitness

In Closing...

Review Materials

Effects of Physical Activity on the Human Organism

Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Responses to Physical Activity

Relationship of Energy to Physical Activity

Oxygen Consumption and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Responses to Exercise

Effect of Training, Age, and Gender on Maximal Oxygen Uptake

Application to Exercise Training and Physical Activity Interventions

Summary

Review Materials

Acute Response to Physical Activity and Exercise

Lipids and Lipoproteins

Insulin-Glucose Dynamics

Blood Pressure

Hematological Changes

Immune Function Responses

Responses Related to Energy Balance

Augmentation of Acute Effects by Training

Summary

Review Materials

Hormonal Response to Regular Physical Activity

Defining Hormones

Importance of Hormonal Regulation

Regular Physical Activity and Hormonal Adaptations

Summary and Conclusions

Review Materials

Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Regular Physical Activity

Skeletal Muscle and Human Life

Muscle Cell-Composition, Structure, and Function

Muscle Fiber Types and Subtypes

Muscle Adaptation and Functional Consequences

Aging Muscle-The Role of Training

Summary

Review Materials

Response of Brain, Liver, Kidney, and Other Organs and Tissues to Regular Physical Activity

Acute Effects of Physical Activity

Chronic Effects of Physical Activity

Issues Requiring Further Research

Summary

Review Materials

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Mortality Rates

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Mortality

Biological Mechanisms

Summary and Conclusions

Review Materials

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cardiac, Vascular, and Pulmonary Morbidities

Physical Inactivity and Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness As Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Morbidities

Physical Inactivity and Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness As Risk Factors for Pulmonary Morbidities

Biological Mechanisms

Role of Physical Activity in Patients With Cardiac, Vascular, and Pulmonary Morbidities

Summary

Review Materials

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Obesity

Definition and Problem of Overweight and Obesity

Fat Depots

Relationships Among Excess Weight, Physical Activity, and Fitness

Role of Physical Activity in Prevention and Treatment of Excess Weight

Summary

Review Materials

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes: Concept and Prevalence

Epidemiology, Etiology, and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes

Impact of Physical Activity on Insulin and Glucose Metabolism

Epidemiological Evidence Indicating Benefits of Physical Activity in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes

Summary of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

Importance of Regular Physical Activity for People With Type 2 Diabetes

Summary

Review Materials

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cancer

Importance of Cancer

How Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Decrease the Risk of Developing Cancer

How We Study Whether Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Decrease the Risk of Developing Cancer

Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Site-Specific Cancers

Summary

Review Materials

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Joint and Bone Health

Burden of Selected Musculoskeletal Diseases in the Population

Dose-Response Relationships Between Physical Activity and Injury, Osteoarthritis, and Osteoporosis

Physical Activity, Bone Development and Maintenance, and Preservation of Function

Challenges in Defining Exposure Data for Musculoskeletal Outcomes

Summary

Review Materials

Physical Activity, Muscular Fitness, and Health

History of Resistance Training and Its Role in Health

Fundamental Aspects of Resistance Training

Resistance Training Throughout the Life Span

Resistance Training in Disease and Disability

Summary and Conclusions

Review Materials

Exercise and Its Effects on Mental Health

Models of Exercise and Mental Health Research

Exercise and Anxiety

Exercise and Depression

Proposed Explanations for the Psychological Benefits of Exercise

Detrimental Psychological Responses to Exercise

Summary

Review Materials

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Children

Cardiovascular Health

Bone Health and Osteoporosis

Strategies for Promoting Physical Activity in Youth

Conclusions

Review Materials

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Aging

The Aging Process

Methodological Considerations in Aging Research

Demographics of Physical Activity Among Older Adults

Dimensions of Physical Activity and Their Relationship to Health and Function in Aging

Programmatic Issues in Promoting Physical Activity in Older Populations

Summary

Review Materials

Risks of Physical Activity

Risks of Physical Activity and Sport Participation

Minimizing Risk and Maximizing Benefits

Recommendations for Future Research

Summary

Review Materials

How Much Is Required and What Are the Delivery Modes?

Dose-Response Issues in Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health

Principles Guiding the Body's Response to Activity

Components of the Physical Activity Dose

Factors Determining Optimal Activity Dose

Physical Activity Versus Fitness When Considering Dose for Health Benefits

Summary and Conclusions

Review Materials

Physical Activity and Exercise Programs

What Are Physical Activity and Exercise Programs?

Settings for Physical Activity and Exercise Programs

Strengths of Structured Versus Unstructured Programs

Physical Activity and Exercise Programs for Subpopulations and Groups

Summary of the Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions

Review Materials

New Challenges and Opportunities

Genetic Differences in the Relationships Among Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health

Basics of Human Genetics

Events in Human Genes and Genomes

Genetic Variation Among Sedentary People

Individual Differences in Response to Regular Exercise

Genes and Responses to Exercise

Trait-Specific Response to Exercise

Summary and Perspective

Review Materials

An Integrated View of Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health

Chapter Overview

Physical Activity versus Inactivity: Universal Value Versus Damaging Consequences

Developing and Implementing Physical Activity Plans

Research Questions and Issues

Summary and Conclusions

Review Materials

References

Index

About the Editors

About the Contributors

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