9780073138763

This concise text offers both a serious scientific introduction to physical anthropology and archaeology and a holistic approach to the course. Interspersed through it, innovative "Bringing It All Together" essays show how anthropology's subfields and dimensions combine to interpret and explain a common topic. In addition, every new copy of the second edition is packaged free with a new student CD-ROM as well as PowerWeb!

About the Author

Preface

Walkthrough

Part One: The Dimensions of Anthropology

Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?

Human Adaptability

Adaptation, Variation, and Change

General Anthropology

Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology

The Subdisciplines of Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology

Archaeological Anthropology

Biological, or Physical Anthropology

Interesting Issues: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock

Beyond the Classroom: The Utility of Hand and Foot Bones for Problems in Biological Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology

Applied Anthropology

Anthropology and Other Academic Fields

Cultural Anthropology and Sociology

Anthropology and Psychology

Science, Explanation, and Hypothesis Testing

Chapter 2: Applying Anthropology

What Is Applied Anthropology?

The Role of the Applied Anthrropologist

Academic and Applied Anthropology

Theory and Practice

Anthropology and Education

Urban Anthropology

Urban versus Rural

Medical Anthropology

Beyond the Classroom: New Life, Good Health

Anthropology and Business

Careers and Anthropology

Interesting Issues: Hot Asset in Corporate: Anthropology Degrees

Part 2: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

Chapter 3: Ethics and Methods in Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

Overview

Ethics

Methods

Multidisciplinary Approaches

Primatology

Anthropometry

Bone Biology

Molecular Anthropology

Interesting Issues: A Novel Method of Assessing Why People Cooperate

Paleoanthropology

Survey and Excavation

Systematic Survey

Excavation

Kinds of Archaeology

Dating the Past

Relative Dating

Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques

Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology

Molecular Dating

Chapter 4: Evolution and Genetics

Evolution

Genetics

Mendel's Experiments

Independent Assortment and Recombination

Biochemical, or Molecular Genetics

Cell Division

Crossing Over

Mutation

Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution

Natural Selection

Interesting Issues: Genetic Politics

Mutations and Variety

Random Genetic Drift

Gene Flow

The Modern Synthesis

Gradual or Rapid Change

Chapter 5: Human Variation and Adaptation

Race: A Discredited Concept in Biology

Races Are Not Biologically Distinct

Interesting Issues: American Anthropological Association (AAA) Statement on "Race"

Explaining Skin Color

Human Biological Adaptation

Genes and Disease

Beyond the Classroom: Skin Pigmentation in Papua New Guinea

Facial Features

Size and Body Build

Lactose Tolerance

Chapter 6: The Primates

Our Place among Primates

Homologies and Analogies

Primate Tendencies

Prosimians

Anthropoids

Beyond the Classroom: Providing Apes Refuge: A Cultural Study of the Great Ape Sanctuary Community

Monkeys

New World Monkeys

Old World Monkeys

Apes

Gibbons

Orangutans

Gorillas

Interesting Issues: Saving the Orangutan

Chimpanzees

Bonobos

Endangered Primates

Human-Primate Similarities

Learning

Tools

Predation and Hunting

Aggression and Resources

Human-Primate Differences

Sharing and Cooperation

Mating and Kinship

Behavioral Ecology and Fitness

Bringing It All Together: Saving the Forests

Chapter 7: Primate Evolution

Fossils and Chronology

Early Primates

Early Cenozoic Primates

Oligocene Anthropoids

Miocene Hominoids

Proconsul

Beyond the Classroom: A Behavioral Ecology Study of Two Lemur Species

Afropithecus and Kenyapithecus

Sivapithecus

Gigantopithecus

Dryopithecus

Oreopithecus

A Missing Link?

Pierolapithecus catalaunicus

"Toumai"

Orrorin tugenensis

Chapter 8: Early Hominids

Chronology of Hominid Evolution

The Earliest Hominids

Ardipithecus and Kenyanthropus

The Varied Australopithecines

Australopithecus afarensis

Gracile and Robust Austalopithecines

The Austalopithecines and Early Homo

H. rudolfensis and H. habilis

Oldowan Tools

A. garhi and Early Stone Tools

Beyond the Classroom: Hydrodynamic Sorting of Avian Skeletal Remains

Chapter 9: The Genus Homo

Early Homo

Out of Africa: Homo erectus

Interesting Issues: Headstrong Hominids

Paleolithic Tools

Adaptive Strategies of Homo erectus

The Evolution and Expansion of Homo erectus

Archaic Homo sapiens

The Neandertals

Cold-Adapted Neandertals

The Neandertals and Modern People

Homo Sapiens Sapiens (AMHs)

Out of Africa II

Multiregional Evolution

Advances in Technology

Glacial Retreat

Cave Art

Interesting Issues: Prehistoric Art Treasure Is Found in French Cave

The Mesolithic

Beyond the Classroom: Paleolithic Butchering at Verberie

Bringing It All Together: When Did Humans Start Acting Like Humans?

Chapter 10: The First Farmers

The Neolithic

The First Farmers and Herders in the Middle East

Genetic Changes and Domestication

Food Production and the State

Other Old World Food Producers

The African Neolithic

The Neolithic in Europe and Asia

The First American Farmers

America's First Immigrants

The Foundations of Food Production

Early Farming in the Mexican Highlands

From Early Farming to the State

Explaining the Neolithic

Beyond the Classroom: House Construction and Destruction Patterns of the Early Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain

Geography and the Spread of Food Production

Costs and Benefits

Chapter 11: The First Cities and States

The Origin of State

Hydraulic Systems

Long-Distance Trade Routes

Population, War, and Circumscription

Attributes of States

State Formation in the Middle East

Urban Life

The Elite Level

Social Ranking and Chiefdoms

How Ethnography Helps in Interpreting the Archaeological Record

Advanced Chiefdoms

The Rise of State

Other Early States

Beyond the Classroom: The Akhenaten Temple Project

African Sates

State Formation in Mesoamerica

Early Chiefdoms and Elites

States in the Valley of Mexico

Why States Collapse

The Mayan Decline

Interesting Issues: Pseudo-Archaeology

Bringing It All Together: The Peopling of the Pacific

Appendix 1: A History of Theories in Anthropology

Appendix 2: Ethics and Anthropology

Bibliography

Glossary

Credits

Name Index

Subject Index

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