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9780199277759

The Physical Geography of Western Europe

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780199277759

  • ISBN10:

    0199277753

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2005-08-04
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press

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Summary

A distinguished team of Western European scholars has written an advanced, full-length physical geography designed to be a state-of -the-art evaluation of the physical environment of Western Europe, being both retrospective and prospective in its perception of environmental change. Theunique natural and regional environments of Western Europe are discussed, as well as the physical geographic framework of the region. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact and responses of human society on the physical environment of the region which is characterized by a very high populationdensity. As an enhanced reference work it will be of enduring value.

Table of Contents

List of Figures
xxiv
List of Tables
xxxi
List of Contributors
xxxii
I. Systematic Framework
1(182)
Tectonic Evolution, Geology, and Geomorphology
3(22)
Alain Demoulin
Introduction
3(1)
The Variscan Landscape
4(2)
Plate Tectonic Setting of the Variscan Orogeny
4(1)
Main Orogenic Phases and Tectonic Zones
5(1)
Permian Tectonics and Palaeogeography
6(1)
Mesozoic and Cenozoic History of the Major Tectonic Domains
6(14)
Implications of the Atlantic Rifting: the Aquitaine Basin and the Pyrenees
6(2)
The Alpine Domain
8(1)
Tectonic Evolution
8(2)
Present-Day Structural Pattern of the Western Alps
10(1)
The Molasse Basin in Southernmost Germany
11(1)
The Jura Mountains
11(1)
The West European Rift System
11(1)
General Configuration
11(1)
The Main Rift Segments
12(2)
Associated Volcanism
14(1)
Rifting Dynamics
15(1)
The Paris Basin
15(2)
The North German Basin
17(1)
The Mesozoic South German Basin and the Thuringian Basin
18(1)
The Palaeozoic Massifs (Rhenish Shield--Ardennes, French Massif Central, Brittany, Harz, Bohemia)
19(1)
Long-Term Denudation Rates in Land Areas
20(2)
References
22(3)
Neotectonics
25(14)
Francesco Dramis
Emanuele Tondi
Introduction
25(1)
State of Stress
25(1)
Seismicity
26(1)
Recent Crustal Deformation
27(8)
Faulting Processes
27(1)
The Provence Area
27(2)
The Rhine Graben
29(2)
Vertical Crustal Movements
31(1)
The Alps
32(1)
The Pyrenees
33(1)
The Armorican Massif
33(1)
The Bohemian Massif
34(1)
References
35(4)
Quaternary Climatic Changes and Landscape Evolution
39(22)
Jurgen Ehlers
Introduction
39(1)
Definition of the Quaternary
39(2)
Subdivision of the Quaternary
41(2)
The Glaciations
43(14)
The Gunz Glaciation
43(1)
Evidence of Pre-Elsterian Glaciation
43(1)
The Elsterian
43(4)
Mindel Glaciation
47(1)
Holsteinian Interglacial
47(3)
Wacken/Domnitz Interglacial
50(1)
Saalian Cold Stage
50(4)
Riss Glaciation
54(1)
Eemian Interglacial
54(3)
References
57(4)
The Last Glaciation and Geomorphology
61(14)
Margot Bose
Introduction
61(1)
The Middle Weichselian Ice Advance
61(4)
Denmark
61(1)
Schleswig-Holstein
62(2)
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
64(1)
The Late Middle Weichselian Ice Advances
65(5)
The Jutland Peninsula
66(1)
Schleswig-Holstein
67(1)
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg
67(3)
The Pomeranian Phase and Younger Readvances
70(3)
Aspects of Further Geomorphological Development
73(1)
References
73(2)
Periglacial Geomorphology
75(18)
Else Kolstrup
Introduction
75(1)
Terminology
76(1)
Periglacial Areas
77(1)
Basic Processes and their Prerequisites
78(1)
Vegetation
79(2)
Climate and Stratigraphic Background
81(1)
Landforms, Processes, and Climate
82(7)
Landforms Dependent on Permafrost
82(1)
Ice and Sand Wedges
82(2)
Frost Mounds
84(1)
Thermokarst
85(1)
Landforms Related to the Active Layer and Seasonally Frozen Ground
85(1)
Slopes, Mass-Related Processes
85(1)
Slopes and Surface Runoff
86(1)
Valleys and Drainage
87(1)
Valleys of Mixed Origin
87(1)
Aeolian Landforms and Processes
88(1)
Present and Former Periglacial Processes and Landscapes: A Discussion
89(1)
Concluding Remarks
90(1)
References
90(3)
River Environments, Climate Change, and Human Impact
93(24)
Eduard Koster
Introduction
93(1)
Development of the Major Drainage Systems
93(7)
Drainage to the North Sea and the English Channel
96(3)
Drainage to the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean, and the Black Sea
99(1)
Terrace Chronology and Climate
100(3)
Factors Influencing Palaeogeographic Evolution
103(5)
Man-Made Changes
108(4)
Climate Change and Flood Control
112(1)
River Conservation and Rehabilitation
113(1)
References
114(3)
Marine and Coastal Environments
117(22)
Aart Kroon
Introduction
117(1)
Geographical Setting of Western European Shores
118(1)
Geology
119(3)
Deposits
119(2)
Lithology: Sinks and Sources
121(1)
Holocene Evolution and Relative Sea-Level Rise
121(1)
Coastal Processes
122(5)
Climatic Factors
122(1)
Oceanic Factors
122(1)
Hydrologic Factors
123(1)
Sediment Transport
123(1)
Coastal Geomorphology
124(1)
Processes and Geomorphology of Estuaries and Tidal Basins
125(2)
Coastal Environments
127(8)
The French Atlantic Coast
127(2)
The Western Channel Coast and Brittany, Including the Vendee
129(1)
The Eastern Channel Coast: Normandy and Northern France
130(1)
The Southern North Sea Coast: Belgium, Zeeland, and Holland
130(2)
The Wadden Sea Coast
132(2)
The Danish North Sea Coast
134(1)
Concluding Remarks
135(1)
References
136(3)
Aeolian Environments
139(22)
Eduard Koster
Introduction
139(1)
The European `Sand Belt', Dune Fields, and Sand Sheets
139(12)
Inland and River Dunes
141(2)
Cover Sands
143(2)
Drift Sands
145(3)
Loess
148(1)
Coastal Dune Systems
149(2)
Sediment Attributes
151(1)
Palaeoenvironmental Significance
152(1)
Geochronology
153(2)
Dune Conservation and Management
155(2)
References
157(4)
Peatlands, Past and Present
161(22)
Eduard Koster
Tim Favier
Introduction
161(1)
Peatland Terminology
161(1)
Distribution of Peatlands
162(3)
Distribution of Peatlands per Country
163(2)
Processes of Peat Formation
165(3)
Mire Flora and Related Peat Types
165(2)
Paludification and Terrestrialization
167(1)
Peat Accumulation Rates
168(1)
Classification of Mires and Peat Deposits
168(2)
Ecological Classification
169(1)
Geogenetic Classification
169(1)
Hydrogenetic Classification
169(1)
Hydrogeomorphic Classification
170(1)
Peatland Cultivation and Exploitation
170(5)
Cultivation of Natural Mires: Draining, Reclaiming, and Colonizing
170(3)
Digging and Dredging of Peat for Fuel
173(2)
Digging of Peat for Salt-Making
175(1)
Excavation of Peat for Fertilizer
175(1)
Conservation of the Remaining Mires
175(1)
Recovery and Restoration
176(1)
Peatlands as Palaeoecological Archives
176(3)
Pollen and Spores
176(2)
Humification Horizons
178(1)
Wiggle-Match Dating
178(1)
Mire Corpses
178(1)
Peatlands and the Global Carbon Cycle
179(2)
References
181(2)
II. Regional Environments
183(104)
Danish--German--Dutch Wadden Environments
185(22)
Jacobus Hofstede
Introduction
185(1)
Regional Description
185(2)
Geomorphology of the Wadden Sea
187(9)
Origin and Holocene Evolution
189(1)
The Driving Forces
190(1)
Meteorological Forces
191(1)
Astronomical Forces
191(1)
Artificial Forces
191(1)
Structure and Functions
191(5)
Future Developments in the Wadden Sea
196(6)
Morphological Consequences of Changes in Water Levels and Tidal Range
196(4)
Morphological Consequences of Changes in Storminess and Storm Surges
200(1)
Effects of Hydrological Changes on the Biology
201(1)
Synthesis
201(1)
Human Activity in the Wadden Sea
202(1)
References
203(4)
German Uplands and Alpine Foreland
207(24)
Eduard Koster
The Major Landform Regions of Germany
207(3)
Long-Term Geotectonic Evolution
210(3)
Variscan Orogeny
210(1)
Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Sedimentary Sequence
210(2)
Alpine Orogeny
212(1)
Tectonic Uplifting and Graben Formation
212(1)
Volcanic Activity and Landforms
212(1)
Geomorphological Evolution
213(6)
Karst Phenomena
213(2)
Planation Surfaces
215(1)
Quaternary Surficial Deposits and Landforms
216(1)
Alpine Glaciations
216(3)
Local Glaciations
219(1)
Holocene Landscape Development and Human Impact
219(1)
Regional Patterns
220(8)
Central German Uplands
220(1)
Rheinisches Schiefergebirge
220(1)
Saar-Nahe Upland
221(1)
Harz
221(1)
Thuringer Wald, Erzgebirge, Bayerischer Wald, and Bohmer Wald
222(1)
Lower Saxonian and Hessian Uplands
222(1)
South German Scarplands and Upper Rhine Graben
223(1)
Odenwald and Spessart
223(1)
Schwarzwald (and Vosges)
224(1)
Upper Rhine Graben
224(2)
South-West German Cuesta Landscape
226(1)
Schwabische and Frankische Alb
226(1)
Alpine Foreland
227(1)
German Alps
228(1)
References
228(3)
French and Belgian Uplands
231(20)
Bernard Etlicher
Long-Term Evolution: Tertiary and Quaternary
231(5)
Hercynian Basement and Post-Hercynian Peneplain Evolution
231(2)
The Main Early Tertiary Erosion Event
233(1)
Graben, Tectonic Rifting (Eocene to Early Miocene)
233(2)
Tectonic Uplifting (Mio-Pliocene)
235(1)
Volcanic Activity and Landforms
236(1)
Distribution of Surficial Deposits and Landforms
236(6)
Glaciation and Glacial Deposits
236(2)
Nivation Landforms and Periglacial Deposits
238(1)
Nivation
238(1)
Slope Deposits
238(2)
Anthropogenic Erosion, Soils, and Peat Bogs
240(1)
Conclusion: A Model for Altitudinal Zonation of Landforms and Deposits
241(1)
Regional Patterns
242(6)
Ardennes
242(2)
Vosges
244(1)
Massif Central
245(1)
Limousin: Plateaux and Basins: Differential Erosion
245(1)
Auvergne: Volcanic Landforms and Glaciation
246(1)
Cevennes, Vivarais, Lyonnais: `Serres', Dissection, Periglacial Deposits
247(1)
References
248(3)
The Parisian Basin
251(16)
Yvette Dewolf
Charles Pomerol
Introduction
251(1)
Origin and Geological Evolution
251(4)
Geomorphological Evolution
255(9)
Structural Geomorphology
255(1)
Eastern Geotype
255(1)
Southern Geotype
256(1)
Western Geotype
256(1)
Northern Geotype
256(1)
Central Geotype
257(1)
Palaeosurfaces and Related Surficial Formations
257(1)
The High Surface
257(2)
Fossilized Surfaces, Exhumed Surfaces
259(1)
Evolution of the Hydrographic Network
260(1)
The River Loire
260(1)
The River Seine
261(1)
Meuse, Moselle, Meurthe Rivers
262(1)
The Inshore Rivers of the English Channel
262(1)
Valley Formation and Quaternary Surficial Deposits
263(1)
The Shaping of Slopes
263(1)
Periglacial Surficial Formations
263(1)
General Conclusions
264(1)
References
264(3)
French Alps and Alpine Forelands
267(20)
Yvonne Battiau-Queney
Introduction
267(1)
Principal Geographical Features
267(3)
Climate
267(1)
Vegetation
267(3)
A High Relief
270(1)
An Extensively Glaciated Chain during the Pleistocene
270(1)
Geological Formation
270(1)
Present Geological and Topographic Arrangement
271(5)
The French Alpine Forelands
271(2)
The Prealps
273(1)
The Alpine Trough (Sillon Alpin)
274(1)
The External Crystalline Massifs
274(1)
The Intra-Alpine Zone
274(2)
Structural Landforms
276(2)
Lithological and Tectonical Control
276(1)
Karst Features
277(1)
Glaciations and Glacial Landforms
278(4)
Chronology
278(2)
Mode of Glaciation
280(1)
Glacial Landscapes
281(1)
Effects of Glaciation on the Cave-System and Karst Development
281(1)
Rock Glaciers
282(1)
Natural Hazards
282(3)
Earthquake Hazards
282(1)
Hazards Related to Glaciers
282(1)
Hazards Related to Snow Avalanches
283(1)
Mass-Movement Hazards
283(1)
Stream-Flood Hazards
284(1)
Man-Induced Hazards
284(1)
Alpine Morphogenic Systems
285(1)
Acknowledgements
285(1)
References
285(2)
III. Environment and Human Impact
287(140)
Climate: Mean State, Variability, and Change
289(20)
Introduction
289(1)
Mean State of Present-Day Climate
289(8)
Main Features
289(3)
Causes
292(3)
Regional and Local Characteristics
295(1)
Temperature
295(1)
Precipitation
296(1)
Sunshine
297(1)
Climate Variability
297(5)
Observed Climate Variability
297(2)
Early European Climate
299(1)
North Atlantic Oscillation
300(2)
Man-Made Climate Change
302(4)
Physical Aspects of Global Warming
303(1)
Recent Changes of Climate
304(1)
Future Climate
305(1)
Appendix
306(1)
References
307(2)
Weathering and (Holocene) Soil Formation
309(22)
Jan Sevink
Otto Spaargaren
Introduction
309(1)
General Trends in Soil Genesis in Western Europe
309(2)
Dominant Soil-Forming Processes
311(10)
Weathering
311(2)
Organic Matter Accumulation
313(1)
Bioturbation
314(1)
Hydromorphism: Gley, Pseudogley, and Stagnogley
315(2)
Clay Translocation or Lessivage
317(1)
Podzolization
318(1)
Less Frequent Processes
319(1)
Salinization
319(1)
Soil Ripening
320(1)
Melanization
320(1)
Soil-Forming Processes in High-Altitude Mountains
320(1)
Soil Classifications in Western Europe
321(4)
National Soil Classification Systems
321(1)
France
321(1)
Germany
322(1)
Belgium
322(1)
Denmark
322(1)
The Netherlands
322(1)
Soil Distribution in Western Europe
322(3)
Anthropogenic Impacts
325(3)
Pre-Industrial Anthropogenic Impacts
325(1)
Recent Anthropogenic Impacts
325(3)
References
328(3)
Forests and Forest Environments
331(22)
Josef Fanta
Introduction
331(1)
Topography and Climate
331(1)
Phytogeographical Division
332(7)
Horizontal Division
332(1)
The Atlantic Province
332(1)
The Subatlantic Province
333(3)
The Central European Province
336(1)
The West Sub-Mediterranean Province
337(1)
The Alpic/Alpine Region
337(1)
The Altitudinal Zonation
337(2)
Postglacial Forest History
339(1)
Species Ecology
340(2)
Quercus robur and Quercus petraea
340(1)
Fagus sylvatica
341(1)
Betula pendula and Betula pubescens
341(1)
Abies alba
342(1)
Man and Forest Development
342(3)
Deforestation and Forest Fragmentation
342(1)
Woodland Pasture and Pannage
343(1)
Fuelwood, Charcoal, Timber, and Other Wood Products
344(1)
Coppice Management
345(1)
Ecological Characteristics of Main Forest Types
345(3)
Distribution and Ecological Properties of Trees
346(1)
Most Important Woodlands: Beechwoods and Mixed Oakwoods
346(1)
Beechwoods
346(1)
Oakwoods
346(2)
Organized Forestry
348(3)
Commercial Forestry
349(1)
Problems of Contemporary Forests and Forestry
349(2)
Multifunctional Forestry
351(1)
References
351(2)
Geomorphic Hazards and Natural Risks
353(26)
Olivier Maquaire
Introduction
353(1)
General Concepts
353(2)
Natural Disaster and Natural Risk
355(1)
Hazard
355(1)
Vulnerability
355(1)
Inundations: Flood Hazards and Their Management
355(5)
A Typology and Distribution of Flood Hazards
356(1)
Extensive Floods, More or Less Cyclic
356(1)
Snowmelt Floods
357(1)
Flash Floods
357(1)
Flooding Associated with Cyclonic Storms
358(1)
Flood Risk Assessment and Reduction
358(2)
Earthquakes in Western Europe---a Moderate Seismic Zone
360(4)
General Characteristics
360(1)
Seismic Activity in Historical Times and Geographic Distribution
360(2)
Evaluation and Reduction of Seismic Hazard
362(2)
Mass Movements
364(7)
Types of Mass Movement
364(2)
Causes of Triggering or Reactivation
366(2)
Distribution of Mass Movements
368(1)
Characterization of Hazard: Prevention, Prevision, and Protection
369(2)
Avalanches
371(3)
Characteristics
371(1)
Forecasting and Prevention
372(2)
Indemnity and Prevention: Society's Two Reactions to Risks
374(1)
Indemnity
374(1)
The Prevention of Natural Risks
375(1)
Conclusion
375(1)
Acknowledgements
376(1)
References
376(3)
Air, Water, and Soil Pollution
379(18)
Andrew Farmer
Introduction
379(1)
Air Pollution
379(7)
Introduction
379(1)
Ammonia
379(1)
Nitrogen Oxides
380(1)
Ozone
381(1)
Particulates
382(1)
Sulphur Dioxide
382(1)
Trends in Emissions
382(1)
Air Pollution Impacts
383(1)
Ambient Air Quality
383(1)
Deposited Air Pollutants
384(1)
Policy Responses
385(1)
Water Pollution
386(7)
Introduction
386(1)
Point Source Pollution
387(1)
Industrial Sources
387(1)
Domestic Wastewater
387(1)
Agricultural Diffuse Pollution
388(1)
Denmark
388(1)
France
388(1)
Germany
389(1)
The Netherlands
389(1)
Case Study: The River Rhine
389(1)
Accident Management and Industrial Pollution Reduction
390(1)
Reviving Salmon Populations
390(1)
Nutrient Discharges into the Rhine
391(1)
Phosphorus Sources
391(1)
Nitrogen Sources
391(1)
Nutrient Concentrations in the Rhine
391(2)
Achievements
393(1)
Conclusions
393(1)
Soil Pollution
393(2)
Contamination
393(1)
Diffuse Pollution of Soils
394(1)
References
395(2)
Urbanization, Industrialization, and Mining
397(14)
Ed De Mulder
Chris Bremmer
Introduction
397(1)
Facts and Figures
397(2)
Urbanization
397(1)
Industrialization
398(1)
Mining
399(1)
Impact on the Natural Environment
399(2)
Assets and Threats of the Subsurface to the Urban Society
401(6)
Asset: Urban Soils
401(1)
Asset: Urban Groundwater
402(1)
Asset: Mineral Resources
403(1)
Asset: Underground Space
403(1)
Threat: Natural and Man-Induced Hazards
404(1)
Man-Induced Subsidence
405(1)
Contaminated Land
406(1)
Rising Groundwater Tables
406(1)
Waste Disposal
406(1)
Urban Environmental Geo-indicators
407(1)
Subsurface Geo-information
407(1)
Concluding Remarks
408(1)
References
409(2)
Geoconservation
411(16)
Gerard Gonggrijp†
Introduction
411(1)
Conservation in the Past
412(2)
Threats
414(2)
Agriculture, Cattle Breeding, and Forestry
415(1)
Water Management and Coastal Protection
415(1)
Extraction of Mineral Resources
416(1)
Urban and Infrastructural Expansion
416(1)
Recreation and Recreational Facilities
416(1)
Motivation for Protection
416(3)
Scientific Motives
418(1)
Educational Motives
418(1)
Site Selection
419(3)
Classification
420(1)
Criteria
421(1)
Geoconservation Policy, Strategy, and Protection
422(1)
Management and Renaturation
423(1)
Design and Execution
423(1)
Management and Monitoring
423(1)
Fossil Geological Landscapes
424(1)
Fossilized Geological Landscapes
424(1)
Active Geological Landscapes
424(1)
`Exploitation Landscapes'
424(1)
Final Remarks
424(1)
References
424(3)
Subject Index 427

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