Physical Geology Exploring the Earth (with Earth Systems Today CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

by Monroe, James S.; Wicander, Reed

• ISBN13: 9780534572228
• ISBN10: 0534572227
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-12-12
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Table of Contents

Understanding Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology	2	(30)
Prologue	3	(1)
Introduction to Earth Systems	4	(3)
What Is Geology?	7	(3)
Perspective 1.1: The Aral Sea	8	(2)
How Is Geology Related to the Human Experience?	10	(1)
How Does Geology Affect Our Everyday Lives?	11	(1)
Global Geologic and Environmental Issues Facing Humankind	12	(2)
The Origin of the Solar System and the Differentiation of Early Earth	14	(1)
Why Is Earth a Dynamic Planet?	15	(1)
Geology and the Formulation of Theories	16	(1)
Plate Tectonic Theory	17	(3)
Perspective 1.2: The Formulation of Plate Tectonic Theory	19	(1)
The Rock Cycle	20	(2)
The Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics	22	(1)
What Is Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism?	22	(1)
Why Is the Study of Geology Important?	23	(2)
Guest Essay: Science: Preserving Our Heritage	24	(1)
Chapter Summary	25	(1)
Important Terms	26	(1)
Review Questions	26	(1)
Points to Ponder	27	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	28	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	29	(1)
Minerals	30	(30)
Prologue	31	(3)
Introduction	34	(1)
What Does Matter Consist Of?	34	(4)
Elements and Atoms	34	(2)
Bonding and Compounds	36	(1)
Ionic Bonding	36	(1)
Covalent Bonding	37	(1)
Metallic and Van Der Waals Bonds	37	(1)
What Are Minerals?	38	(3)
Naturally Occurring Inorganic Substances	38	(1)
Mineral Crystals	38	(1)
Chemical Composition of Minerals	39	(1)
Guest Essay: Mineralogy: A Career with Diverse Pursuits	40	(1)
Physical Properties of Minerals	40	(1)
How Many Minerals Are Known?	41	(1)
Mineral Groups Recognized by Geologists	41	(6)
Perspective 2.1: The Precious Metals	42	(2)
The Silicate Minerals	44	(1)
Ferromagnesian Silicates	45	(1)
Nonferromagnesian Silicates	46	(1)
Carbonate Minerals	46	(1)
Other Mineral Groups	47	(1)
How Are Minerals Identified?	47	(4)
Color and Luster	47	(1)
Crystal Form	47	(1)
Perspective 2.2: Quartz-Common, Interesting, Attractive, and Useful	48	(1)
Cleavage and Fracture	48	(2)
Hardness	50	(1)
Specific Gravity	50	(1)
Other Properties Used in Identifying Minerals	51	(1)
Where and How Do Minerals Originate?	51	(1)
Rock-Forming Minerals	52	(1)
Mineral Resources and Reserves	53	(3)
Chapter Summary	56	(1)
Important Terms	56	(1)
Review Questions	57	(1)
Points to Ponder	58	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	58	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	59	(1)
Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity	60	(30)
Prologue	61	(2)
Introduction	63	(1)
The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava	63	(2)
The Composition of Magma	64	(1)
How Hot Are Magma and Lava?	64	(1)
Viscosity---Resistance to Flow	64	(1)
How Does Magma Originate and Change?	65	(4)
Bowen's Reaction Series	65	(1)
The Origin of Magma at Spreading Ridges	66	(1)
Subduction Zones and the Origin of Magma	67	(1)
Processes Resulting in Chemical Changes in Magma	68	(1)
Igneous Rocks---What Are They, and What Are Their Characteristics?	69	(9)
Igneous Rock Textures	69	(1)
The Composition of Igneous Rocks	70	(1)
Guest Essay: Monitoring Volcanic Activity	71	(1)
Classifying Igneous Rocks	72	(1)
Ultramafic Rocks	72	(1)
Basalt-Gabbro	73	(1)
Andesite-Diorite	74	(1)
Rhyolite-Granite	74	(1)
Pegmatite	75	(1)
Other Igneous Rocks	75	(1)
Perspective 3.1: Complex Pegmatites	76	(2)
Intrusive Igneous Bodies: Plutons---Their Characteristics and Origins	78	(2)
Dikes and Sills	78	(2)
Laccoliths	80	(1)
Volcanic Pipes and Necks	80	(1)
Batholiths and Stocks	80	(1)
How Are Batholiths Emplaced in Earth's Crust?	80	(5)
Perspective 3.2: Some Remarkable Volcanic Necks	82	(3)
Chapter Summary	85	(1)
Important Terms	86	(1)
Review Questions	86	(1)
Points to Ponder	87	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	88	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	89	(1)
Volcanism	90	(36)
Prologue	91	(2)
Introduction	93	(1)
Volcanism	94	(5)
Volcanic Gases	94	(2)
Lava Flows and Pyroclastic Materials	96	(3)
What Are Volcanoes?	99	(15)
Perspective 4.1: Columnar Jointing	100	(2)
Shield Volcanoes	102	(2)
Cinder Cones	104	(1)
Composite Volcanoes	105	(2)
Lava Domes	107	(1)
Perspective 4.2: Eruptions of Cascade Range Volcanoes	108	(4)
Perspective 4.3: Tuff Rings and Maar Craters	112	(2)
Do All Eruptions Build Up Volcanoes?	114	(1)
Fissure Eruptions	114	(1)
Pyroclastic Sheet Deposits	114	(1)
Is It Possible to Forecast Eruptions?	115	(2)
How Large Is an Eruption?	117	(1)
Distribution of Volcanoes	117	(1)
Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Plutons	118	(3)
Guest Essay: Volcanology: The Challenge of Volcanoes	120	(1)
Chapter Summary	121	(1)
Important Terms	122	(1)
Review Questions	122	(1)
Points to Ponder	123	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	124	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	125	(1)
Weathering, Erosion, and Soil	126	(30)
Prologue	127	(2)
Introduction	129	(1)
How Do Physical Processes Disaggregate Earth Materials?	129	(4)
Frost Action	130	(1)
Pressure Release	130	(2)
Expansion and Contraction Caused by Heating and Cooling	132	(1)
Growth of Salt Crystals	132	(1)
Organisms and Mechanical Weathering	132	(1)
Chemical Weathering---Decomposition of Earth Materials	133	(6)
Solution	133	(1)
Oxidation	134	(1)
Hydrolysis	135	(1)
Perspective 5.1: Industrialization and Acid Rain	136	(2)
Guest Essay: Using Geologic Analyses to Suggest a New Date for the Great Sphinx	138	(1)
How Fast Does Chemical Weathering Take Place?	139	(2)
Particle Size and the Rate of Chemical Weathering	139	(1)
Climate and Chemical Weathering	140	(1)
The Importance of Parent Material	140	(1)
Soil---One Product of Mechanical and Chemical Weathering	141	(1)
The Soil Profile	141	(1)
What Factors Are Important in Soil Formation?	142	(3)
Climate and Soil	142	(1)
Parent Material	143	(2)
Activities of Organisms	145	(1)
The Lay of the Land---Relief and Slope	145	(1)
Time	145	(1)
Expansive Soils	145	(1)
Erosion and Physical and Chemical Deterioration of Soils	146	(5)
Perspective 5.2: The Dust Bowl---An American Tragedy	148	(3)
Weathering and Mineral Resources	151	(1)
Chapter Summary	152	(1)
Important Terms	152	(1)
Review Questions	153	(1)
Points to Ponder	154	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	155	(1)
Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks	156	(34)
Prologue	157	(2)
Introduction---What Is Sediment, and How Does It Originate?	159	(1)
Sediment Transport and Deposition	160	(2)
How Is Sediment Transformed into Sedimentary Rock?	162	(1)
Types of Sedimentary Rocks	163	(6)
Detrital Sedimentary Rocks	163	(1)
Conglomerate and Sedimentary Breccia	164	(1)
Sandstone	164	(1)
Mudrock	165	(1)
Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks	166	(1)
Limestone and Dolostone	166	(1)
Evaporites	167	(1)
Chert	167	(1)
Coal	168	(1)
Sedimentary Facies---Recognizable Differences in Rock Layers	169	(1)
Marine Transgressions and Regressions	169	(1)
Reading the Story in Sedimentary Rocks	170	(11)
Sedimentary Structures	170	(2)
Fossils	172	(2)
Perspective 6.1: Concretions and Geodes	174	(2)
Perspective 6.2: Fossils---Much More Common than Most People Realize	176	(3)
Determining the Environment of Deposition	179	(2)
What Important Resources Are Found in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks?	181	(5)
Petroleum and Natural Gas	182	(1)
Oil Shale and Tar Sands	183	(1)
Coal	183	(1)
Uranium	183	(1)
Banded Iron Formation	184	(1)
Guest Essay: Exploring for Oil and Natural Gas	185	(1)
Chapter Summary	186	(1)
Important Terms	186	(1)
Review Questions	187	(1)
Points to Ponder	188	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	188	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	189	(1)
Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks	190	(24)
Prologue	191	(2)
Introduction	193	(1)
What Are the Agents of Metamorphism?	194	(2)
Heat	194	(1)
Pressure	194	(1)
Fluid Activity	195	(1)
Perspective 7.1: Asbestos	196	(1)
What Are the Three Types of Metamorphism?	196	(4)
Contact Metamorphism	196	(3)
Dynamic Metamorphism	199	(1)
Regional Metamorphism	199	(1)
How Are Metamorphic Rocks Classified?	200	(4)
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks	200	(3)
Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks	203	(1)
What Are Metamorphic Zones and Facies?	204	(3)
Guest Essay: Conservation and Museum Science: Geology in the Preservation and Understanding of Cultural Heritage	205	(2)
How Does Metamorphism Relate to Plate Tectonics?	207	(1)
Metamorphism and Natural Resources	208	(2)
Perspective 7.2: Graphite	209	(1)
Chapter Summary	210	(1)
Important Terms	210	(1)
Review Questions	211	(1)
Points to Ponder	212	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	212	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	213	(1)
Geologic Time	214	(34)
Prologue	215	(1)
Introduction	216	(2)
Perspective 8.1: Geologic Time and Climate Change	217	(1)
How Has the Concept of Geologic Time and Earth's Age Changed Throughout Human History?	218	(1)
Who Is James Hutton, and Why Are His Contributions to Geology Important?	218	(2)
What Are Relative-Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?	220	(8)
Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating	220	(2)
Unconformities	222	(5)
Applying the Priciples of Relative Dating	227	(1)
How Do Geologists Correlate Rock Units?	228	(4)
Subsurface Correlation	231	(1)
What Are Absolute-Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?	232	(1)
Atoms, Elements, and Isotopes	232	(1)
Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives	232	(2)
Perspective 8.2: Radon: The Silent Killer	234	(2)
Sources of Uncertainty	236	(2)
Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs	238	(1)
Fission Track Dating	238	(1)
Guest Essay: Paleontology: The Perspective of Time	239	(1)
Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dating Methods	239	(2)
How Was the Geologic Time Scale Developed?	241	(1)
Chapter Summary	242	(1)
Important Terms	243	(1)
Review Questions	243	(2)
Points to Ponder	245	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	246	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	247	(1)
Earthquakes	248	(40)
Prologue	249	(1)
Introduction	250	(2)
Elastic Rebound Theory	252	(1)
Seismology	252	(4)
Earthquakes---Where and How Often?	256	(4)
Perspective 9.1: The San Andreas Fault---One Segment of the Circum-Pacific Belt	258	(2)
Seismic Waves	260	(2)
Body Waves	260	(1)
Surface Waves	260	(2)
Guest Essay: Seismology: A Link Between the Public and Science	262	(1)
How Is an Earthquake's Epicenter Located?	262	(2)
How Large Are Earthquakes?	264	(5)
Intensity	265	(1)
Magnitude	265	(4)
The Destructive Effects of Earthquakes	269	(8)
Ground Shaking	269	(1)
Perspective 9.2: Designing Earthquake-Resistant Structures	270	(3)
Fire	273	(1)
Killer Waves---Tsunami	273	(3)
Ground Failure	276	(1)
Earthquake Prediction	277	(3)
Earthquake Precursors	278	(1)
Dilatancy Model	279	(1)
Earthquake Prediction Programs	279	(1)
Earthquake Control	280	(3)
Chapter Summary	283	(1)
Important Terms	283	(1)
Review Questions	284	(1)
Points to Ponder	285	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	286	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	287	(1)
Earth's Interior	288	(26)
Prologue	289	(1)
Introduction	290	(2)
Seismic Waves---Clues to Earth's Internal Structure	292	(1)
How Was Earth's Core Discovered?	293	(2)
Density and Composition of the Core	294	(1)
Earth's Mantle	295	(2)
Structure, Density, and Composition of the Mantle	296	(1)
Seismic Tomography and Earth's Interior	297	(2)
Perspective 10.1: Kimberlite Pipes---Windows to the Mantle	298	(1)
Earth's Outermost Part---Continental and Oceanic Crust	299	(1)
How Hot Is Earth's Interior?	300	(1)
Heat Flow	300	(1)
What Is Gravity, and How Is Its Force Determined?	301	(2)
Floating Continents?---The Principle of Isostasy	303	(2)
Earth's Magnetic Field	305	(5)
Inclination and Declination of the Magnetic Field	306	(1)
Magnetic Anomalies	307	(1)
Magnetic Reversals	308	(1)
Guest Essay: Geology: An Unexpected but Rewarding Career	309	(1)
Chapter Summary	310	(1)
Important Terms	310	(1)
Review Questions	311	(1)
Points to Ponder	312	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	313	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	313	(1)
Seafloor	314	(32)
Prologue	315	(2)
Introduction	317	(2)
Early Exploration of the Oceans	319	(1)
How Are Oceans Explored Today?	319	(2)
What Are the Continental Margins?	321	(4)
The Continental Shelf	322	(1)
The Continental Slope and Rise	322	(1)
Turbidity Currents, Submarine Canyons, and Submarine Fans	323	(1)
Types of Continental Margins	324	(1)
What Features Are Found in the Deep-Ocean Basins?	325	(7)
Perspective 11.1: Opening and Closing Oceans	326	(1)
Abyssal Plains	326	(1)
Oceanic Trenches	327	(2)
Oceanic Ridges	329	(1)
Submarine Hydrothermal Vents	330	(1)
Fractures in the Seafloor	331	(1)
Seamounts, Guyots, and Aseismic Ridges	331	(1)
Sedimentation and Sediments on the Deep Seafloor	332	(1)
How Are Reefs Made by Organisms?	333	(4)
Guest Essay: The Future Beneath the Sea	337	(1)
What Is the Structure and Composition of the Oceanic Crust?	337	(1)
What Resources Come from Seawater and the Seafloor?	338	(4)
Perspective 11.2: Oceanic Circulation and Resources from the Sea	340	(2)
Chapter Summary	342	(1)
Important Terms	342	(1)
Review Questions	343	(1)
Points to Ponder	344	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	344	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	345	(1)
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory	346	(34)
Prologue	347	(1)
Introduction	348	(1)
What Were Some Early Ideas About Continental Drift?	349	(1)
Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis	349	(1)
What Is the Evidence for Continental Drift?	350	(5)
Continental Fit	350	(1)
Similarity of Rock Sequences and Mountain Ranges	351	(1)
Glacial Evidence	352	(1)
Fossil Evidence	353	(1)
Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering	354	(1)
What Is Seafloor Spreading?	355	(5)
Perspective 12.1: Paleogeographic Reconstructions and Maps	356	(2)
Deep-Sea Drilling and the Confirmation of Seafloor Spreading	358	(2)
Why Is Plate Tectonics a Unifying Theory?	360	(1)
The Supercontinent Cycle	360	(1)
What Are the Three Types of Plate Boundaries?	361	(8)
Perspective 12.2: Tectonics of the Terrestrial Planets	362	(1)
Divergent Boundaries	363	(1)
An Example of Ancient Rifting	364	(1)
Convergent Boundaries	365	(1)
Oceanic-Oceanic Boundaries	365	(1)
Oceanic-Continental Boundaries	366	(1)
Continental-Continental Boundaries	366	(1)
Recognizing Ancient Convergent Plate Boundaries	366	(3)
Transform Boundaries	369	(1)
How Are Plate Movement and Motion Determined?	369	(3)
Hot Spots and Absolute Motion	371	(1)
What Is the Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics?	372	(1)
Guest Essay: Geology Meets Public Policy	373	(1)
How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Natural Resources?	373	(3)
Mineral Deposits	374	(1)
Petroleum	374	(2)
Chapter Summary	376	(1)
Important Terms	376	(1)
Review Questions	377	(1)
Points to Ponder	378	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	379	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	379	(1)
Deformation, Mountain Building, and the Evolution of Continents	380	(42)
Prologue	381	(1)
Introduction	382	(1)
Rock Deformation-What Does It Mean, and How Does It Occur?	383	(2)
Strike and Dip-Determining the Orientation of Rock Layers	385	(2)
Deformation and Geologic Structures	387	(13)
Folded Rock Layers	387	(1)
Monoclines, Anticlines, and Synclines	387	(1)
Perspective 13.1: Compression, Tension, and Stone as Building Material	388	(4)
Plunging Folds	392	(2)
Domes and Basins	394	(1)
Joints	395	(2)
Faults	397	(2)
Dip-Slip Faults	399	(1)
Strike-Slip Faults	400	(1)
Oblique-Slip Faults	400	(1)
Deformation and the Origin of Mountains	400	(4)
Types of Mountains	401	(1)
Perspective 13.2: Geologic Maps: Their Construction and Uses	402	(2)
How Do Mountains Form?	404	(4)
Plate Boundaries and Mountain Building Orogenies at Oceanic-Oceanic	404	(1)
Plate Boundaries	404	(1)
Orogenies at Oceanic-Continental Plate Boundaries	404	(1)
Orogenies at Continental-Continental Plate Boundaries	405	(3)
Terranes and the Origin of Mountains	408	(1)
How Did the Continents Form and Evolve?	409	(8)
Shields and Cratons	409	(2)
The Geologic Evolution of North America	411	(1)
Perspective 13.3: Terranes and the Geology of San Francisco, California	412	(5)
Chapter Summary	417	(1)
Important Terms	418	(1)
Review Questions	418	(1)
Points to Ponder	419	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	420	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	421	(1)
Mass Wasting	422	(32)
Prologue	423	(1)
Introduction	424	(1)
What Factors Influence Mass Wasting?	425	(5)
Slope Angle	426	(1)
Weathering and Climate	426	(2)
Water Content	428	(1)
Vegetation	428	(1)
Overloading	428	(1)
Geology and Slope Stability	428	(1)
Triggering Mechanisms	429	(1)
What Are the Different Types of Mass Wasting?	430	(13)
Perspective 14.1: The Tragedy of Aberfan, Wales	431	(1)
Falls	432	(1)
Slides	432	(3)
Flows	435	(7)
Complex Movements	442	(1)
How Can We Recognize and Minimize the Effects of Mass Movements?	443	(8)
Perspective 14.2: The Vaiont Dam Disaster	444	(2)
Guest Essay: Engineering Geology: Using Geologic Principles for Practical Solutions	446	(5)
Chapter Summary	451	(1)
Important Terms	451	(1)
Review Questions	452	(1)
Points to Ponder	453	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	453	(1)
Running Water	454	(40)
Prologue	455	(2)
Introduction	457	(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle	458	(4)
Perspective 15.1: Dams, Reservoirs, and Hydroelectric Power	460	(2)
Running Water	462	(3)
Sheet Flow Versus Channel Flow	463	(1)
Stream Gradient	463	(1)
Velocity and Discharge	463	(2)
Running Water and Erosion	465	(1)
How Does Running Water Transport and Deposit Sediment?	466	(2)
Streams and Their Deposits	468	(7)
The Deposits of Braided Streams	468	(1)
Meandering Streams and Their Deposits	469	(2)
Deposits on Floodplains	471	(1)
Deltas	472	(2)
Alluvial Fans	474	(1)
Can Floods Be Predicted and Controlled?	475	(5)
Guess Essay: Remediation and Management of Hazardous Wastes	476	(2)
Perspective 15.2: The Flood of `93	478	(2)
Drainage Basins and Drainage Patterns	480	(2)
The Significance of Base Level	482	(2)
What Is a Graded Stream?	484	(1)
How Do Valleys Form and Evolve?	485	(4)
Stream Terraces	486	(1)
Incised Meanders	487	(1)
Perspective 15.3: Natural Bridges	488	(1)
Superposed Streams	489	(1)
Valley Development-A Summary	489	(2)
Chapter Summary	491	(1)
Important Terms	491	(1)
Review Questions	492	(1)
Points to Ponder	493	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	493	(1)
Groundwater	494	(38)
Prologue	495	(2)
Introduction	497	(1)
Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle	497	(1)
What Properties of Earth Materials Allow Them to Absorb Water?	497	(1)
What Is the Water Table?	498	(1)
How Does Groundwater Move?	499	(1)
What Are Springs, Water Wells, and Artesian Systems?	500	(8)
Springs	500	(1)
Water Wells	501	(1)
Perspective 16.1: Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky	502	(3)
Artesian Springs and Wells	505	(2)
Guest Essay: Restoring Earth	507	(1)
How Does Groundwater Erode and Deposit Material?	508	(5)
Sinkholes and Karst Topography	508	(2)
Caves and Cave Deposits	510	(3)
How Do Humans Impact the Groundwater System, and What Are the Effects?	513	(6)
Lowering the Water Table	513	(1)
Saltwater Incursion	514	(1)
Subsidence	515	(2)
Groundwater Contamination	517	(2)
Groundwater Quality	519	(1)
Hydrothermal Activity-What Is It, and Where Does It Occur?	519	(9)
Hot Springs	519	(1)
Perspective 16.2: Radioactive Waste Disposal	520	(3)
Geysers	523	(1)
Geothermal Energy	524	(2)
Perspective 16.3: Energy from Earth's Internal Heat	526	(2)
Chapter Summary	528	(1)
Important Terms	528	(1)
Review Questions	529	(1)
Points to Ponder	530	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	530	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	531	(1)
Glaciers and Glaciation	532	(40)
Prologue	533	(2)
Introduction	535	(1)
Glaciers-Part of the Hydrologic Cycle	535	(1)
How Does Glacial Ice Originate?	536	(1)
What Kinds of Glaciers Exist?	537	(2)
Accumulation and Wastage-The Glacial Budget	539	(1)
How Fast Do Glaciers Move?	540	(2)
Perspective 17.1: Surging Glaciers	542	(1)
How Glaciers Erode and Transport Sediment	542	(11)
Erosion by Valley Glaciers	544	(1)
U-Shaped Glacial Troughs	544	(3)
Hanging Valleys	547	(1)
Cirques, Aretes, and Horns	547	(1)
Continental Glaciers and Erosional Landforms	548	(2)
Perspective 17.2: Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, and Glacier National Park, Montana	550	(3)
Glacier Deposits	553	(6)
Landforms Composed of Till	553	(1)
End Moraines	553	(2)
Lateral and Medial Moraines	555	(1)
Drumlins	555	(1)
Landforms Composed of Stratified Drift	556	(1)
Outwash Plains and Valley Trains	556	(3)
Kames and Eskers	559	(1)
Deposits in Glacial Lakes	559	(1)
The Ice Age-What Was It, and When Did It Take Place?	559	(7)
Guest Essay: Understanding Ice: A Career in Glaciology	560	(1)
Pleistocene Climates	561	(1)
Pluvial and Proglacial Lakes	561	(2)
Glaciation and Changes in Sea Level	563	(1)
Perspective 17.3: Glacial Lake Missoula and the Channeled Scablands	564	(2)
Glaciers and Isostasy	566	(1)
What Causes Ice Ages?	566	(2)
The Milankovitch Theory	566	(1)
Short-Term Climatic Events	567	(1)
Chapter Summary	568	(1)
Important Terms	568	(1)
Review Questions	569	(1)
Points to Ponder	570	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	570	(2)
The Work of Wind and Deserts	572	(30)
Prologue	573	(1)
Introduction	574	(1)
How Does Wind Transport Sediment?	575	(1)
Bed Load	575	(1)
Suspended Load	575	(1)
How Does Wind Erode?	576	(3)
Abrasion	576	(1)
Deflation	577	(2)
What Are the Different Types of Wind Deposits?	579	(5)
The Formation and Migration of Dunes	579	(1)
Dune Types	580	(3)
Loess	583	(1)
What Is the Distribution of Air-Pressure Belts and Global Wind Patterns?	584	(2)
Guest Essay: Controlling Dust Storms Through Revegetation	586	(1)
Where Do Deserts Occur?	586	(1)
What Are the Characterstics of Deserts?	587	(6)
Temperature, Precipitation, and Vegetation	587	(1)
Perspective 18.1: Death Valley National Park	588	(2)
Perspective 18.2: Petroglyphs	590	(2)
Weathering and Soils	592	(1)
Mass Wasting, Streams, and Groundwater	593	(1)
Wind	593	(1)
What Types of Landforms Are Found in Deserts?	593	(5)
Perspective 18.3: The Geologic History of Uluru and Kata Tijuta	596	(2)
Chapter Summary	598	(1)
Important Terms	599	(1)
Review Questions	599	(1)
Points to Ponder	600	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	601	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	601	(1)
Shorelines and Shoreline Processes	602	(38)
Prologue	603	(2)
Introduction	605	(1)
Shorelines and Shoreline Processes	606	(8)
Tides	607	(1)
Waves	608	(2)
Perspective 19.1: Energy from the Oceans	610	(2)
Wave Generation	612	(1)
Shallow-Water Waves and Breakers	612	(1)
Nearshore Currents and Sediment Transport	613	(1)
Wave Refraction and Longshore Currents	613	(1)
Rip Currents	614	(1)
Deposition Along Shorelines	614	(13)
Beaches	614	(3)
Seasonal Changes in Beaches	617	(2)
Spits and Baymouth Bars	619	(1)
Perspective 19.2: Cape Cod, Massachusetts	620	(4)
Barrier Islands	624	(1)
The Nearshore Sediment Budget	624	(3)
Guest Essay: From Abyssal Plains to Beaches: A Geologist's Career	627	(1)
How Are Shorelines Eroded?	627	(2)
Wave-Cut Platforms and Associated Landforms	627	(2)
How Are Coastal Areas Managed as Sea Level Rises?	629	(4)
Perspective 19.3: The Outer Banks of North Carolina	632	(1)
Types of Coasts	633	(3)
Submergent and Emergent Coasts	634	(2)
Chapter Summary	636	(1)
Important Terms	636	(1)
Review Questions	637	(1)
Points to Ponder	638	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	638	(1)
CD-ROM Exploration	639	(1)
A History of the Universe, Solar System, and Planets	640	(31)
Prologue	641	(2)
Introduction	643	(1)
Origin of the Universe-Did It Begin with a Big Bang?	643	(2)
The Solar System-Its Origin and Early Development	645	(3)
General Characteristics of the Solar System	645	(2)
Current Theory of the Origin and Early History of the Solar System	647	(1)
Meteorites-Visitors from Space	648	(3)
Guest Essay: Geochemistry and Life on Mars	650	(1)
Planets and Moons	651	(10)
The Terrestrial Planets	651	(1)
Perspective 20.1: Meteorite Impacts and Craters	652	(2)
Perspective 20.2: The Evolution of Climate on the Terrestrial Planets	654	(1)
Mercury	654	(1)
Venus	655	(1)
Mars	656	(2)
The Jovian Planets	658	(1)
Jupiter	658	(1)
Perspective 20.3: The Moons of Mars	659	(1)
Saturn	660	(1)
Uranus	661	(1)
Neptune	661	(1)
Pluto	661	(1)
Earth-Its Origin and Differentiation	661	(2)
The Earth-Moon System: How Did It Originate?	663	(1)
The Dynamic Earth	664	(2)
Chapter Summary	666	(1)
Important Terms	667	(1)
Review Questions	667	(1)
Points to Ponder	668	(1)
World Wide Web Activities	669	(2)
Appendix A: English-Metric Conversion Chart	671	(1)
Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements	672	(2)
Appendix C: Mineral Identification Tables	674	(4)
Appendix D: Topographic Maps	678	(4)
Answers: Multiple-Choice Review Questions	682	(1)
Glossary	683
Credits	000	(1)
Index	000