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Introduction | p. xi |
Description of Granular Materials, Definitions | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Density | p. 2 |
At the grain scale | p. 2 |
At the granular material scale | p. 4 |
Porosity of granular material | p. 4 |
Compactness | p. 4 |
Void Ratio | p. 5 |
Relative compactness | p. 6 |
Saturation point | p. 7 |
Moisture content | p. 7 |
Measurement of moisture content | p. 7 |
Comparison of methods of measurement | p. 10 |
Ratio between the different densities | p. 12 |
Absorption of water | p. 12 |
Bibliography | p. 13 |
Exercises | p. 13 |
Granulometry | p. 19 |
Introduction | p. 19 |
Characterization of the shape of grains | p. 21 |
Methods of granulometric analysis | p. 22 |
Sieving | p. 23 |
Granulometric methods based on sedimentation | p. 30 |
Coulter counter | p. 37 |
Laser granulometer (NF ISO 13320-1) | p. 38 |
Analysis of images coupled by microscopic observations | p. 39 |
Granularity: presentation of results | p. 40 |
Granular cumulative curves | p. 40 |
Granular frequency curves | p. 43 |
Other presentations of granularity | p. 43 |
Granularity of a mixture of aggregate | p. 46 |
Bibliography | p. 47 |
Exercises | p. 48 |
Specific Surface Area of Materials | p. 55 |
Definition | p. 55 |
The importance of this parameter Portland cement hydration | p. 56 |
Calculating the specific surface area of a granular material | p. 57 |
Power consisting of identical grains of known shape | p. 57 |
Homogeneous powder containing grains of non-uniform size | p. 58 |
Methods based on permeability and porosity measurements | p. 59 |
Kozeny-Carman equation | p. 59 |
Lea and Nurse apparatus | p. 65 |
Blaine apparatus | p. 67 |
Methods based on the adsorption of a gas | p. 70 |
Adsorption Kinetics | p. 70 |
Adsorption isotherms | p. 71 |
Determination of specific surface area from isotherm adsorption | p. 75 |
Determination of the specific surface area from an isotherm point | p. 77 |
Comparison of techniques | p. 78 |
Methylene blue test for the characterization of fine particles | p. 78 |
Bibliography | p. 79 |
Exercises | p. 79 |
Voids in Granular Materials and the Arrangement of Grains | p. 87 |
Introduction | p. 87 |
Sphere packing (one-dimensional: ¿ = 2R): theoretical approach and experimental data | p. 88 |
3D packing of square-based layers | p. 88 |
3D packing of rhombic-based layers | p. 90 |
Porosity of identical spherical packing | p. 90 |
Experimental data | p. 95 |
Influence of grain shape | p. 97 |
Search for Maximum compactness | p. 98 |
Mixture of two one-dimensional aggregates | p. 100 |
Theoretical analysis of the variation of compactness with volume fractions of grains of different sizes | p. 102 |
Model with interaction | p. 106 |
Consideration of the vibration, compressible packing model | p. 109 |
Mixture of three one-dimensional aggregates | p. 113 |
Bibliography | p. 121 |
Exercises | p. 121 |
Voids in Concrete | p. 129 |
Definitions | p. 129 |
Characterization of heterogeneous materials | p. 133 |
Specific surface area of porous solids | p. 136 |
Measurements of the porosity of consolidated materials | p. 139 |
Measurement of total porosity | p. 139 |
Measurement of open porosity | p. 142 |
Determination of closed porosity | p. 144 |
Porometry | p. 145 |
Mercury porosimetry (or Purcell porosimetry) | p. 145 |
Image analysis | p. 164 |
Method based on the adsorption of a gas | p. 165 |
Dynamic porosimeter: the Brémond porosimeter | p. 172 |
Thermoporometry | p. 172 |
Small angle X-ray scattering and small angle neutron scattering | p. 174 |
Innovative techniques in development | p. 175 |
Bibliography | p. 175 |
Exercises | p. 177 |
The Fundamentals of Diffusion | p. 195 |
The basics of diffusion | p. 195 |
Microscopic approach to diffusion | p. 195 |
Diffusion and transport of matter at the macroscopic level: Fick's first law | p. 201 |
A thermodynamic approach the molecular diffusion | p. 203 |
The diffusion of ions in solution | p. 205 |
Fick's second law | p. 210 |
The concentration profile of diffusing species | p. 211 |
Diffusion in porous media | p. 219 |
Molecular diffusion | p. 219 |
Ionic diffusion | p. 222 |
The penetration kinetic of a species by diffusion: Fick's second law | p. 222 |
Measurement of the effective diffusion coefficient in porous matter | p. 228 |
Diffusion cell method | p. 228 |
Electric field migration tests | p. 233 |
Measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient by immersion | p. 240 |
Principle of methods of measuring the effective diffusion coefficient based on measurements of conductivity | p. 241 |
Orders of magnitude of the diffusion coefficient in concrete | p. 243 |
The relationship between the effective diffusion coefficient and porous structure | p. 245 |
Empirical models | p. 246 |
Polyphasic models | p. 249 |
Gaseous diffusion | p. 256 |
The diffusion of a gas in an infinite medium | p. 256 |
The diffusion of a gas in a pore | p. 258 |
The diffusion of a gas in a porous material | p. 259 |
The diffusion of a gas in a reactive porous environment | p. 261 |
Bibliography | p. 262 |
Exercises | p. 266 |
Permeability | p. 279 |
Introduction | p. 279 |
Definition of the permeability of a material | p. 280 |
Measurement of permeability | p. 282 |
Constant head permeameters | p. 282 |
Analysis of results: validity of Darcy's law | p. 286 |
Methods of measuring gas permeability | p. 294 |
Variable head permeameters | p. 295 |
The relationship between permeability and porous structure | p. 296 |
Empirical models | p. 297 |
Physical models | p. 297 |
The drying of concrete | p. 303 |
Physical mechanisms | p. 304 |
Simplified modeling of drying | p. 305 |
Physical parameters and performance-based approach | p. 307 |
Bibliography | p. 309 |
Exercises | p. 312 |
Index | p. 333 |
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