Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces

by Butt, Hans-J?rgen; Graf, Karlheinz; Kappl, Michael

• ISBN13: 9783527406296
• ISBN10: 3527406298
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-10
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

This second edition of the excellent reference work has been supplemented by such up-to-date topics as depletion forces, surface modification by plasma polymerization, principles of lithography, or inverse gas chromatography, while the number and variety of exercises has been increased. The text reflects the many facets of this discipline by linking physical fundamentals, especially those taken from thermodynamics, with application-specific topics. Similarly, the theory behind important concepts is backed by clearly explained by scientific-engineering aspects as well as a wide range of high-end applications from microelectronics and biotechnology. Written to be understood intuitively by those with a general comprehension of the topic, and not burdened by details, this book is aimed at advanced students (and their teachers) in physics, chemistry and material sciences, as well as engineers and natural scientists requiring background knowledge in surface and interface science.

Author Biography

Hans-Jnrgen Butt is a director at the Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany, which has recently been evaluated as the leading institute in this field. He leads the polymer physics department. Co-authors Karlheinz Graf and Michael Kappl are project leaders at the same Institute. Dr. Graf, who holds a PhD in chemistry, is specialized in surface science and micro technology. The research activities of physicist Dr. Michael Kappl concentrate on surface forces and confined liquids.<br> <br>

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Introduction	1	(4)
Liquid surfaces	5	(24)
Microscopic picture of the liquid surface	5	(1)
Surface tension	6	(3)
Equation of Young and Laplace	9	(4)
Curved liquid surfaces	9	(2)
Derivation of the Young-Laplace equation	11	(1)
Applying the Young-Laplace equation	12	(1)
Techniques to measure the surface tension	13	(3)
The Kelvin equation	16	(3)
Capillary condensation	19	(3)
Nucleation theory	22	(3)
Summary	25	(1)
Exercises	26	(3)
Thermodynamics of interfaces	29	(16)
The surface excess	29	(3)
Fundamental thermodynamic relations	32	(5)
Internal energy and Helmholtz energy	32	(1)
Equilibrium conditions	33	(1)
Location of the interface	34	(1)
Gibbs energy and definition of the surface tension	35	(1)
Helmholtz surface energy, interfacial enthalpy, and Gibbs surface energy	36	(1)
The surface tension of pure liquids	37	(2)
Gibbs adsorption isotherm	39	(4)
Derivation	39	(1)
System of two components	40	(1)
Experimental aspects	41	(1)
The Marangoni effect	42	(1)
Summary	43	(1)
Exercises	44	(1)
The electric double layer	45	(16)
Introduction	45	(1)
Poisson--Boltzmann theory of the diffuse double layer	46	(8)
The Poisson--Boltzmann equation	46	(1)
Planar surfaces	47	(2)
The full one-dimensional case	49	(3)
The Grahame equation	52	(1)
Capacity of the diffuse electric double layer	53	(1)
Beyond Poisson Boltzmann theory	54	(3)
Limitations of the Poisson-Boltzmann theory	54	(1)
The Stern layer	55	(2)
The Gibbs free energy of the electric double layer	57	(1)
Summary	58	(1)
Exercises	59	(2)
Effects at charged interfaces	61	(24)
Electrocapillarity	61	(4)
Theory	62	(2)
Measurement of electrocapillarity	64	(1)
Examples of charged surfaces	65	(8)
Mercury	66	(1)
Silver iodide	67	(2)
Oxides	69	(1)
Mica	70	(1)
Semiconductors	71	(2)
Measuring surface charge densities	73	(3)
Potentiometric colloid titration	73	(1)
Capacitances	74	(2)
Electrokinetic phenomena: The zeta potential	76	(6)
The Navier Stokes equation	77	(1)
Electro-osmosis and streaming potential	78	(2)
Electrophoresis and sedimentation potential	80	(2)
Types of potentials	82	(2)
Summary	84	(1)
Exercises	84	(1)
Surface forces	85	(40)
Van der Waals forces between molecules	85	(4)
The van der Waals force between macroscopic solids	89	(9)
Microscopic approach	89	(3)
Macroscopic calculation---Lifshitz theory	92	(4)
Surface energy and Hamaker constant	96	(2)
Concepts for the description of surface forces	98	(3)
The Derjagnin approximation	98	(3)
The disjoining pressure	101	(1)
Measurement of surface forces	101	(2)
The electrostatic double-layer force	103	(7)
General equations	103	(3)
Electrostatic interaction between two identical surfaces	106	(2)
The DLVO theory	108	(2)
Beyond DLVO theory	110	(3)
The solvation force and confined liquids	110	(1)
Non DLVO forces in an aqueous medium	110	(3)
Steric and depletion interaction	113	(4)
Properties of polymers	113	(1)
Force between polymer coated surfaces	114	(2)
Depletion forces	116	(1)
Spherical particles in contact	117	(4)
Summary	121	(1)
Exercises	122	(3)
Contact angle phenomena and wetting	125	(28)
Young's equation	125	(5)
The contact angle	125	(1)
Derivation	126	(2)
The line tension	128	(1)
Complete wetting and wetting transitions	128	(2)
Important wetting geometries	130	(3)
Capillary rise	130	(1)
Particles in the liquid-gas interface	131	(1)
Network of fibers	132	(1)
Measurement of the contact angle	133	(6)
Experimental methods	133	(2)
Hysteresis in contact angle measurements	135	(2)
Surface roughness and heterogeneity	137	(2)
Theoretical aspects of contact angle phenomena	139	(2)
Dynamics of wetting and dewetting	141	(5)
Wetting	141	(4)
Dewetting	145	(1)
Applications	146	(5)
Flotation	146	(1)
Detergency	147	(1)
Microfluidics	148	(2)
Adjustable wetting	150	(1)
Summary	151	(1)
Exercises	152	(1)
Solid surfaces	153	(34)
Introduction	153	(1)
Description of crystalline surfaces	154	(4)
The substrate structure	154	(1)
Surface relaxation and reconstruction	155	(3)
Description of adsorbate structures	158	(1)
Preparation of clean surfaces	158	(3)
Thermodynamics of solid surfaces	161	(8)
Surface stress and surface tension	161	(3)
Determination of the surface energy	164	(3)
Surface steps and defects	167	(2)
Solid-solid interfaces	169	(2)
Microscopy of solid surfaces	171	(6)
Optical microscopy	171	(1)
Electron microscopy	172	(2)
Scanning probe microscopy	174	(3)
Diffraction methods	177	(4)
Diffraction patterns of two-dimensional periodic structures	177	(2)
Diffraction with electrons, X-rays, and atoms	179	(2)
Spectroscopic methods	181	(4)
Spectroscopy using mainly inner electrons	181	(1)
Spectroscopy with outer electrons	182	(1)
Secondary ion mass spectrometry	183	(2)
Summary	185	(1)
Exercises	185	(2)
Adsorption	187	(32)
Introduction	187	(5)
Definitions	187	(1)
The adsorption time	188	(1)
Classification of adsorption isotherms	189	(2)
Presentation of adsorption isotherms	191	(1)
Thermodynamics of adsorption	192	(3)
Heats of adsorption	192	(1)
Differential quantities of adsorption and experimental results	193	(2)
Adsorption models	195	(11)
The Langmuir adsorption isotherm	195	(3)
The Langmuir constant and the Gibbs energy of adsorption	198	(1)
Langmuir adsorption with lateral interactions	199	(1)
The BET adsorption isotherm	199	(3)
Adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces	202	(1)
The potential theory of Polanyi	203	(3)
Experimental aspects of adsorption from the gas phase	206	(9)
Measurement of adsorption isotherms	206	(3)
Procedures to measure the specific surface area	209	(2)
Adsorption on porous solids---hysteresis	211	(3)
Special aspects of chemisorption	214	(1)
Adsorption from solution	215	(2)
Summary	217	(1)
Exercises	217	(2)
Surface modification	219	(22)
Introduction	219	(1)
Chemical vapor deposition	220	(2)
Soft matter deposition	222	(10)
Self-assembled monolayers	222	(4)
Physisorption of Polymers	226	(2)
Polymerization on surfaces	228	(2)
Plasma polymerization	230	(2)
Etching techniques	232	(3)
Lithography	235	(2)
Summary	237	(1)
Exercises	238	(3)
Friction, lubrication, and wear	241	(24)
Friction	241	(12)
Introduction	241	(1)
Amontons' and Coulomb's Law	242	(2)
Static, kinetic, and stick-slip friction	244	(1)
Rolling friction	245	(2)
Friction and adhesion	247	(1)
Experimental Aspects	247	(1)
Techniques to measure friction	247	(2)
Macroscopic friction	249	(1)
Microscopic friction	250	(3)
Lubrication	253	(6)
Hydrodynamic lubrication	254	(2)
Boundary lubrication	256	(1)
Thin film lubrication	257	(1)
Lubricants	258	(1)
Wear	259	(2)
Summary	261	(1)
Exercises	262	(3)
Surfactants, micelles, emulsions, and foams	265	(36)
Surfactants	265	(4)
Spherical micelles, cylinders, and bilayers	269	(9)
The critical micelle concentration	269	(2)
Influence of temperature	271	(1)
Thermodynamics of micellization	272	(2)
Structure of surfactant aggregates	274	(3)
Biological membranes	277	(1)
Macroemulsions	278	(9)
General properties	278	(2)
Formation	280	(2)
Stabilization	282	(3)
Evolution and aging	285	(2)
Coalescence and demulsification	287	(1)
Microemulsions	287	(5)
Size of droplets	288	(1)
Elastic properties of surfactant films	289	(1)
Factors influencing the structure of microemulsions	290	(2)
Foams	292	(6)
Classification, application and formation	292	(1)
Structure of foams	293	(1)
Soap films	294	(3)
Evolution of foams	297	(1)
Summary	298	(1)
Exercises	298	(3)
Thin films on surfaces of liquids	301	(20)
Introduction	301	(3)
Phases of monomolecular films	304	(3)
Experimental techniques to study monolayers	307	(7)
Optical methods	307	(1)
X-ray reflection and diffraction	308	(3)
The surface potential	311	(2)
Surface elasticity and viscosity	313	(1)
Langmuir--Blodgett transfer	314	(2)
Thick films---spreading of one liquid on another	316	(2)
Summary	318	(1)
Exercises	319	(2)
Solutions to exercises	321	(36)
Appendix
A. Analysis of diffraction patterns	343	(10)
A.1 Diffraction at three dimensional crystals	343	(1)
A.1.1 Bragg condition	343	(1)
A.1.2 Laue condition	344	(1)
A.1.3 The reciprocal lattice	345	(2)
A.1.4 Ewald construction	347	(1)
A.2 Diffraction at Surfaces	347	(2)
A.3 Intensity of diffraction peaks	349	(4)
B. Symbols and abbreviations	353	(4)
Bibliography	357	(22)
Index	379