Physics Modeling for Game Programmers

by Conger, David

• ISBN13: 9781592000937
• ISBN10: 1592000932
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-08-12
• Publisher: Cengage Learning Ptr

Summary

Programmers who want to include 3D math and physics in a game have to wade through physics textbooks and dreary tomes on linear algebra and group theory, only to find that the material is too abstract to be used directly in their games. This book gives readers the skills they want and need to incorporate real physics into their games. As they work through the book, they will constantly develop tools, demos, and working games. The highly graphical demos ensure that instead of just reading about how to calculate the trajectory of a projectile, the reader will actually see a canon firing rounds toward the front lines. From the successful Game Development series, this book thoroughly addresses the specific needs of game developers.

Table of Contents

Introduction	xxiii
Part One: Physics, Math, and Game Programming	1	(144)
Physics in Games	3	(8)
How Much Physics Do I Need to Know to Write Games?	4	(3)
3-D Objects	4	(1)
3-D Scenes	5	(1)
Movement	5	(1)
Rigid Objects	5	(1)
Rotation	5	(1)
Friction	5	(1)
Air and Water Resistance	6	(1)
Gravity	6	(1)
Collisions and Explosions	7	(1)
Springy Things	7	(1)
Waves	7	(1)
How Much Math Do I Need to Know to Write Games?	7	(2)
The Essential Geometry of Triangles	8	(1)
Vectors	8	(1)
Matrices	8	(1)
Derivatives	8	(1)
How Much Programming Do I Need to Know?	9	(1)
Summary	9	(2)
Simulating 3-D with DirectX	11	(30)
What Is DirectX?	11	(1)
Two Views of DirectX	12	(3)
The Low-Level View: The HAL and the HEL	12	(1)
The High-Level View: DirectX Components	13	(1)
COM Objects	14	(1)
Using DirectX	15	(24)
Initializing DirectX the Hard Way	16	(10)
Initializing Direct3D with the DirectX AppWizard	26	(3)
Initializing Direct3D with the Physics Modeling Framework	29	(10)
Summary	39	(2)
Mathematical Tools for Physics and 3-D Programming	41	(44)
The Geometry of Triangles	41	(2)
2-D Coordinate Systems	43	(1)
3-D and 4-D Coordinate Systems	44	(2)
Units	46	(3)
Vectors	49	(21)
Implementing Vectors in Code: The Physics Modeling Math Library	51	(6)
Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar	57	(3)
The Dot Product	60	(2)
The Cross Product	62	(2)
Unit Vectors	64	(2)
Projection	66	(3)
Vectors in Direct3D	69	(1)
Matrices	70	(14)
The Identity Matrix	72	(1)
Addition and Subtraction	73	(1)
Multiplication and Division by a Scalar	73	(1)
Matrix Multiplication	74	(5)
Transpose	79	(1)
Determinants	79	(1)
Matrix Inversion	80	(4)
Summary	84	(1)
2-D Transformations and Rendering	85	(22)
2-D Transformations	85	(11)
Active Versus Passive Transformations	86	(1)
Translation	87	(1)
Rotation	88	(4)
Scaling	92	(2)
Combining Transformations	94	(2)
Implementing Transformations: Spinning a Triangle	96	(9)
Using the Physics Modeling Framework	97	(2)
Setting Up the Geometry	99	(3)
Updating Frames	102	(2)
Rendering Frames	104	(1)
Putting It All Together	105	(1)
Summary	105	(2)
3-D Transformations and Rendering	107	(18)
3-D Transformations	107	(6)
Homogenous Coordinates	107	(1)
Translations	108	(1)
Scaling	109	(1)
Rotations	110	(3)
The 3-D Pipeline	113	(3)
Local Coordinates to World Coordinates	113	(1)
World Coordinates to Viewing Coordinates	114	(1)
Viewing Coordinates to Projection Coordinates	115	(1)
Projection Coordinates to Screen Coordinates	116	(1)
Rendering in 3-D	116	(8)
Example 1: The 3-D Spinning Triangle	116	(3)
Example 2: The Spinning Pyramid	119	(5)
Summary	124	(1)
Meshes and X Files	125	(20)
Textures	126	(2)
Creating Textures from Files	127	(1)
Setting the Texture	127	(1)
Materials	128	(1)
Loading a Mesh	129	(3)
Extracting Textures and Materials	129	(2)
Rendering the Mesh	131	(1)
Cleaning Up the Mesh	131	(1)
The d3d_mesh Class	132	(12)
Loading a Mesh	133	(3)
Rendering a Mesh	136	(2)
Reference Counting in the d3d_mesh Class	138	(6)
Summary	144	(1)
Part Two: 3-D Objects, Movement, and Collisions	145	(220)
Dynamics of Particles	147	(26)
Point Particles	147	(1)
1-D Kinematics	148	(5)
Velocity	149	(1)
Velocity as a Derivative	150	(3)
Acceleration	153	(1)
Forces	153	(2)
2-D and 3-D Kinematics	155	(3)
The Modeling Point Masses	158	(13)
Introducing the d3d_point_mass Class	158	(5)
Using the d3d_point_mass Class	163	(8)
Point Masses in Games	171	(1)
Summary	172	(1)
Collisions of Point Particles	173	(28)
Collision Detection	173	(8)
Bounding Spheres	174	(3)
Bounding Cylinders	177	(1)
Bounding Boxes	178	(1)
Optimization with Spatial Partitioning	179	(2)
Collision Response	181	(18)
Conservation of Momentum	182	(2)
Energy	184	(1)
Elastic Collisions	185	(1)
Inelastic Collisions	186	(1)
The Coefficient of Restitution	187	(1)
Point Particle Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions	188	(1)
Collisions of Spheres	189	(1)
Implementation	190	(9)
Summary	199	(2)
Rigid Body Dynamics	201	(34)
Rigid Bodies	201	(1)
The Center of Mass	202	(2)
2-D Rigid Body Rotation	204	(10)
Point Particles of a 2-D Rigid Body	205	(4)
Torque and the Moment of Inertia	209	(5)
Rigid Bodies in 3-D	214	(7)
Torque in 3-D	217	(3)
The Parallel Axis Theorem in Three Dimensions	220	(1)
The Principal Axes	220	(1)
Orientation	221	(2)
Implementing Rigid Bodies in 3-D	223	(11)
The d3d_rigid_body Class	223	(3)
Initializing a d3d_rigid_body Object	226	(2)
Updating a d3d_rigid_body Object	228	(4)
Rendering a d3d_rigid_body Object	232	(2)
Summary	234	(1)
Collisions of Rigid Bodies	235	(32)
Collision Detection	235	(6)
Rough Approximations	235	(3)
Improved Collision Detection	238	(3)
Collision Response	241	(25)
Linear Collision Response	241	(1)
Angular Collision Response	242	(1)
Combining Linear and Angular Collision Response	243	(3)
Updating the Physics Modeling Framework	246	(20)
Summary	266	(1)
Gravity and Projectiles	267	(30)
Newton's Law of Gravitation	267	(2)
Projectile Trajectories	269	(3)
Modeling Projectile Motion	272	(24)
Differentiating Between Impulse and Constant Forces	272	(23)
Rolling	295	(1)
Summary	296	(1)
Mass and Spring Systems	297	(36)
What Can I Do with Springs?	297	(3)
Hair and Ponytails	297	(2)
Cloth	299	(1)
It All Starts with Harmonic Motion	300	(2)
Hooke's Law	302	(1)
Dampened Harmonic Motion	302	(1)
Implementing Cloth	303	(29)
Upgrading Point Masses	303	(7)
Springs	310	(6)
The cloth Class	316	(3)
Initializing a Piece of Cloth	319	(7)
Updating and Rendering a Piece of Cloth	326	(5)
Tuning Cloth	331	(1)
Suggested Enhancements for Cloth	332	(1)
Summary	332	(1)
Water and Waves	333	(32)
Water and Buoyancy	333	(5)
The Properties of Water	334	(1)
Why Things Float	335	(2)
Finding Pressure and Density	337	(1)
Resistance to Movement	338	(4)
A Quick Look at Friction	339	(2)
Viscous Drag	341	(1)
Currents in Water	342	(2)
Waves	344	(3)
Implementing Water	347	(3)
Low-Overhead Ways to Cheat	347	(2)
3-D Water	349	(1)
Putting Objects in Water	350	(13)
Adding Buoyancy to Rigid Bodies	350	(7)
Will It Float?	357	(6)
Summary	363	(2)
Part Three: Hands-On 3-D Simulation	365	(98)
Getting Ready for Games	367	(40)
Redesigning the Physics Modeling Framework	367	(21)
Simplifying Program Initialization	367	(4)
Adding a game Class	371	(4)
Setting Transformation Matrices Efficiently	375	(4)
Restoring Lost Device Objects	379	(1)
Redefining Rigid Bodies Using Point Masses	380	(6)
The Center of Mass and the Origin of the Mesh	386	(2)
Introducing DirectInput	388	(13)
Initializing DirectInput	389	(7)
Getting Keyboard and Mouse Input	396	(4)
Closing Down DirectInput	400	(1)
Camera Movement in DirectX	401	(4)
Summary	405	(2)
Cars, Hovercraft, Ships, and Boats	407	(26)
Cars	407	(14)
Power, Force, Acceleration, and Friction	407	(4)
Air Resistance on Cars	411	(1)
Braking	411	(2)
Turning Cars	413	(2)
Implementing a Basic Car	415	(6)
Hovercraft and Antigravity Vehicles	421	(2)
How Hovercraft Work	421	(2)
Air Resistance on Hovercraft	423	(1)
Turning Hovercraft	423	(1)
Ships and Boats	423	(9)
Buoyancy of Ships and Boats	423	(1)
Calculating Hull Volume	424	(2)
Stability of Ships and Boats	426	(1)
Mass and Virtual Mass	427	(2)
Resistance and Ships	429	(1)
Air Resistance	430	(1)
Currents and Waves	430	(2)
Summary	432	(1)
Aircraft and Spacecraft	433	(30)
Flight Simulators the Easy Way	433	(12)
Flight with Little or No Physics	435	(1)
Implementing a Simple Flight Simulator	435	(10)
The Physics of Aircraft	445	(5)
Essential Parts of an Aircraft	445	(2)
Basic Forces	447	(2)
Modeling Aircraft: The Right Forces in the Right Places	449	(1)
The Physics of Spacecraft	450	(12)
Dogfights in Space	450	(1)
Rockets	451	(5)
Lunar Landers	456	(1)
Getting to Other Planets with Known Physics	457	(3)
Getting to Other Planets with Speculative Physics	460	(2)
Summary	462	(1)
Epilogue	463	(2)
Appendixes	465	(2)
Appendix A Glossary	467	(4)
Appendix B A Brief Overview of C++	471	(14)
It All Begins with Functions	471	(2)
main() and Functions Called By main()	472	(1)
Parameters	472	(1)
Return Values	473	(1)
Inline Functions	473	(1)
Classes and Object-Oriented Programming	473	(3)
Namespaces	476	(1)
Inheritance	477	(4)
Overriding Functions	479	(1)
Virtual Functions	479	(2)
Exceptions	481	(1)
Other Ways of Making Types	482	(3)
Structures	482	(1)
Enumerated Types	483	(1)
typedef Statements	484	(1)
Appendix C The Basics of Windows Programming	485	(10)
Welcome to WinMain()	485	(10)
Writing a WinMain() Function	486	(1)
Defining a Window Class	486	(2)
Registering a Window Class	488	(1)
Creating a Window	489	(2)
Displaying the Window	491	(1)
Processing Windows Messages	491	(1)
Handling Windows Messages	492	(3)
Index	495