Physics of Multiantenna Systems and Broadband Processing

by Sarkar, T. K.; Salazar-Palma, Magdalena; Mokole, Eric L.

• ISBN13: 9780470190401
• ISBN10: 047019040X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-06-30
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

Written by three internationally known researchers, this authoritative reference on the merits of MIMO systems provides a sound theoretical basis for its practical implementation. The book also addresses the important issues related to broadband adaptive processing. Physics of Multiantenna Systems and Broadband Processing provides readers with a thorough, scientific understanding of this important new technology.

Author Biography

Tapan K. Sarkar, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Syracuse University, New York. His current research interests deal with numerical solutions of operator equations arising in electromagnetics and signal processing with application to system design. He is the author or coauthor of several books, including Smart Antennas and History of Wireless, both published by Wiley.

Magdalena Salazar-Palma, PhD, is a Professor in the Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Spain). She has authored several books, including Smart Antennas and History of Wireless, and more than 280 publications in books, scientific journals, and symposium proceedings.

Eric L. Mokole, PhD, is the Acting Superintendent of the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C. He has published more than sixty conference publications, journal articles, book chapters, and reports and is the lead editor of Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 6 and coeditor of Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 7.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
What Is an Antenna and How Does It Work?	p. 1
Summary	p. 1
Historical Overview of Maxwell's Equations	p. 2
Review of Maxwell-Heaviside-Hertz Equations	p. 4
Faraday's Law	p. 4
Generalized Ampere's Law	p. 7
Generalized Gauss's Law of Electrostatics	p. 8
Generalized Gauss's Law of Magnetostatics	p. 9
Equation of Continuity	p. 10
Solution of Maxwell's Equations	p. 10
Radiation and Reception Properties of a Point Source Antenna in Frequency and in Time Domain	p. 15
Radiation of Fields from Point Sources	p. 15
Reception Properties of a Point Receiver	p. 18
Radiation and Reception Properties of Finite-Sized Dipole-Like Structures in Frequency and in Time	p. 20
Radiation Fields from Wire-like Structures in th Frequency Domain	p. 20
Radiation Fields from Wire-like Structures in the Time Domain	p. 21
Induced Voltage on a Finite-Sized Receive Wire-like Structure Due to a Transient Incident Field	p. 21
Conclusion	p. 22
References	p. 23
Fundamentals of Antenna Theory in the Frequency Domain	p. 25
Summary	p. 25
Field Produced by a Hertzian Dipole	p. 25
Concept of Near and Far Fields	p. 28
Field Radiated by a Small Circular Loop	p. 30
Field Produced by a Finite-Sized Dipole	p. 32
Radiation Field from a Linear Antenna	p. 34
Near- and Far-Field Properties of Antennas	p. 36
What Is Beamforming Using Antennas	p. 36
Use of Spatial Antenna Diversity	p. 43
The Mathematics and Physics of an Antenna Array	p. 46
Propagation Modeling in the Frequency Domain	p. 49
Conclusion	p. 57
References	p. 57
Fundamentals of an Antenna in the Time Domain	p. 59
Summary	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
UWB Input Pulse	p. 61
Travelling-Wave Antenna	p. 62
Reciprocity Relation Between Antennas	p. 63
Antenna Simulations	p. 65
Loaded Antennas	p. 65
Dipole	p. 65
Bicones	p. 71
TEM Horn	p. 74
Log-Periodic	p. 78
Spiral	p. 80
Conventional Wideband Antennas	p. 83
Volcano Smoke	p. 83
Diamond Dipole	p. 85
Monofilar Helix	p. 86
Conical Spiral	p. 88
Monoloop	p. 90
Quad-Ridged Circular Horn	p. 91
Bi-Blade with Century Bandwidth	p. 93
Cone-Blade	p. 94
Vivaldi	p. 96
Impulse Radiating Antenna (IRA)	p. 97
Circular Disc Dipole	p. 99
Bow-Tie	p. 100
Planar Slot	p. 101
Experimental Verification of the Wideband Responses from Antennas	p. 102
Conclusion	p. 108
References	p. 109
A Look at the Concept of Channel Capacity from a Maxwellian Viewpoint	p. 113
Summary	p. 113
Introduction	p. 114
History of Entropy and Its Evolution	p. 117
Different Formulations for the Channel Capacity	p. 118
Information Content of a Waveform	p. 124
Numerical Examples Illustrating the Relevance of the Maxwellian Physics in Characterizing the Channel Capacity	p. 130
Matched Versus Unmatched Receiving Dipole Antenna with a Matched Transmitting Antenna Operating in Free Space	p. 131
Use of Directive Versus Nondirective Matched Transmitting Antennas Located at Different Heights above the Earth for a Fixed Matched Receiver Height above Ground	p. 133
Conclusion	p. 146
Appendix: History of Entropy and Its Evolution	p. 148
References	p. 164
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antenna Systems	p. 167
Summary	p. 167
Introduction	p. 168
Diversity in Wireless Communications	p. 168
Time Diversity	p. 169
Frequency Diversity	p. 170
Space Diversity	p. 170
Multiantenna Systems	p. 172
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems	p. 173
Channel Capacity of the MIMO Antenna Systems	p. 176
Channel Known at the Transmitter	p. 178
Water-filling Algorithm	p. 179
Channel Unknown at the Transmitter	p. 180
Alamouti Scheme	p. 180
Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff	p. 182
MIMO Under a Vector Electromagnetic Methodology	p. 183
MIMO Versus SISO	p. 184
More Appealing Results for a MIMO system	p. 189
Case Study: 1	p. 189
Case Study: 2	p. 190
Case Study: 3	p. 191
Case Study: 4	p. 194
Case Study: 5	p. 197
Physics of MIMO in a Nutshell	p. 199
Line-of-Sight (LOS) MIMO Systems with Parallel Antenna Elements Oriented Along the Broadside Direction	p. 200
Line-of-Sight MIMO Systems with Parallel Antenna Elements Oriented Along the Broadside Direction	p. 202
Non-line-of-Sight MIMO Systems with Parallel Antenna Elements Oriented Along the Broadside Direction	p. 204
Conclusion	p. 206
References	p. 207
Use of the Output Energy Filter in Multiantenna Systems for Adaptive Estimation	p. 209
Summary	p. 209
Various Forms of the Optimum Filters	p. 210
Matched Filter (Cross-correlation filter)	p. 211
A Wiener Filter	p. 212
An Output Energy Filter (Minimum Variance Filter)	p. 213
Example of the Filters	p. 214
Direct Data Domain Least Squares Approaches to Adaptive Processing Based on a Single Snapshot of Data	p. 215
Eigenvalue Method	p. 218
Forward Method	p. 220
Backward Method	p. 221
Forward-Backward Method	p. 222
Real Time Implementation of the Adaptive Procedure	p. 224
Direct Data Domain Least Squares Approach to Space-Time Adaptive Processing	p. 226
Two-Dimensional Generalized Eigenvalue Processor	p. 230
Least Squares Forward Processor	p. 232
Least Squares Backward Processor	p. 236
Least Squares Forward-Backward Processor	p. 237
Application of the Direct Data Domain Least Squares Techniques to Airborne Radar for Space-Time Adaptive Processing	p. 238
Conclusion	p. 246
References	p. 247
Minimum Norm Property for the Sum of the Adaptive Weights in Adaptive or in Space-Time Processing	p. 249
Summary	p. 249
Introduction	p. 250
Review of the Direct Data Domain Least Squares Approach	p. 251
Review of Space-Time Adaptive Processing Based on the D3LS Method	p. 253
Minimum Norm Property of the Adaptive Weights at the DOA of the SOI for the 1-D Case and at Doppler Frequency and DOA for STAP	p. 255
Numerical Examples	p. 258
Conclusion	p. 273
References	p. 274
Using Real Weights in Adaptive and Space-Time Processing	p. 275
Summary	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Formulation of a Direct Data Domain Least Squares Approach Using Real Weights	p. 277
Forward Method	p. 277
Backward Method	p. 281
Forward-Backward Method	p. 282
Simulation Results for Adaptive Processing	p. 283
Formulation of an Amplitude-only Direct Data Domain Least Squares Space-Time Adaptive Processing	p. 289
Forward Method	p. 289
Backward Method	p. 291
Forward-Backward Method	p. 292
Simulation Results	p. 292
Conclusion	p. 299
References	p. 300
Phase-Only Adaptive and Space-Time Processing	p. 303
Summary	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
Formulation of the Direct Data Domain Least Squares Solution for a Phase-Only Adaptive System	p. 304
Forward Method	p. 304
Backward Method	p. 310
Forward-Backward Method	p. 310
Simulation Results	p. 311
Formulation of a Phase-Only Direct Data Domain Least Squares Space-Time Adaptive Processing	p. 318
Forward Method	p. 318
Backward Method	p. 318
Forward-Backward Method	p. 318
Simulation Results	p. 319
Conclusion	p. 322
References	p. 322
Simultaneous Multiple Adaptive Beamforming	p. 323
Summary	p. 323
Introduction	p. 323
Formulation of a Direct Data Domain Approach for Multiple Beamforming	p. 324
Forward Method	p. 324
Backward Method	p. 327
Forward-Backward Method	p. 328
Simulation Results	p. 328
Formulation of a Direct Data Domain Least Squares Approach for Multiple Beamforming in Space-Time Adaptive Processing	p. 332
Forward Method	p. 332
Backward Method	p. 336
Forward-Backward Method	p. 337
Simulation Results	p. 338
Conclusion	p. 345
References	p. 345
Performance Comparison Between Statistical-Based and Direct Data Domain Least Squares Space-Time Adaptive Processing Algorithms	p. 347
Summary	p. 347
Introduction	p. 347
Description of the Various Signals of Interest	p. 348
Modeling of the Signal-of-Interest	p. 349
Modeling of the Clutter	p. 349
Modeling of the Jammer	p. 350
Modeling of the Discrete Interferers	p. 350
Statistical-Based STAP Algorithms	p. 351
Full-Rank Optimum STAP	p. 351
Reduced-Rank STAP (Relative Importance of the Eigenbeam Method)	p. 352
Reduced-Rank STAP (Based on the Generalized Sidelobe Canceller)	p. 353
Direct Data Domain Least Squares STAP Algorithms	p. 356
Channel Mismatch	p. 356
Simulation Results	p. 357
Conclusion	p. 368
References	p. 368
Approximate Compensation for Mutual Coupling Using the In Situ Antenna Element Patterns	p. 371
Summary	p. 371
Introduction	p. 371
Formulation of the New Direct Data Domain Least Squares Approach Approximately Compensating for the Effects of Mutual Coupling Using the In Situ Element Patterns	p. 373
Forward Method	p. 373
Backward Method	p. 376
Forward-Backward Method	p. 377
Simulation Results	p. 378
Reason for a Decline in the Performance of the Algorithm When the Intensity of the Jammer Is Increased	p. 386
Conclusion	p. 386
References	p. 386
Signal Enhancement Through Polarization Adaptivity on Transmit in a Near-Field MIMO Environment	p. 389
Summary	p. 389
Introduction	p. 389
Signal Enhancement Methodology Through Adaptivity on Transmit	p. 391
Exploitation of the Polarization Properties in the Proposed Methodology	p. 395
Numerical Simulations	p. 395
Example 1	p. 396
Example 2	p. 402
Example 3	p. 406
Conclusion	p. 410
References	p. 411
Direction of Arrival Estimation by Exploiting Unitary Transform in the Matrix Pencil Method and Its Comparison with ESPRIT	p. 413
Summary	p. 413
Introduction	p. 413
The Unitary Transform	p. 415
1-D Unitary Matrix Pencil Method Revisited	p. 416
Summary of the 1-D Unitary Matrix Pencil Method	p. 419
The 2-D Unitary Matrix Pencil Method	p. 419
Pole Pairing for the 2-D Unitary Matrix Pencil Method	p. 425
Computational Complexity	p. 426
Summary of the 2-D Unitary Matrix Pencil Method	p. 426
Simulation Results Related to the 2-D Unitary Matrix Pencil Method	p. 427
The ESPRIT Method	p. 430
Multiple Snapshot-Based Matrix Pencil Method	p. 432
Comparison of Accuracy and Efficiency Between ESPRIT and the Matrix Pencil Method	p. 432
Conclusion	p. 435
References	p. 436
DOA Estimation Using Electrically Small Matched Dipole Antennas and the Associated Cramer-Rao Bound	p. 439
Summary	p. 439
Introduction	p. 440
DOA Estimation Using a Realistic Antenna Array	p. 441
Transformation Matrix Technique	p. 441
Cramer-Rao Bound for DOA Estimation	p. 444
DOA Estimation Using 0.1 [gamma] Long Antennas	p. 445
DOA Estimation Using Different Antenna Array Configurations	p. 448
Conclusion	p. 461
References	p. 462
Non-Conventional Least Squares Optimization for DOA Estimation Using Arbitrary-Shaped Antenna Arrays	p. 463
Summary	p. 463
Introduction	p. 463
Signal Modeling	p. 464
DFT-Based DOA Estimation	p. 465
Non-conventional Least Squares Optimization	p. 466
Simulation Results	p. 467
An Array of Linear Uniformly Spaced Dipoles	p. 468
An Array of Linear Non-uniformly Spaced Dipoles	p. 470
An Array Consisting of Mixed Antenna Elements	p. 471
An Antenna Array Operating in the Presence of Near-Field Scatterers	p. 472
Sensitivity of the Procedure Due to a Small Change in the Operating Environment	p. 473
Sensitivity of the Procedure Due to a Large Change in the Operating Environment	p. 474
An Array of Monopoles Mounted Underneath an Aircraft	p. 476
A Non-uniformly Spaced Nonplanar Array of Monopoles Mounted Under an Aircraft	p. 477
Conclusion	p. 479
References	p. 479
Broadband Direction of Arrival Estimations Using the Matrix Pencil Method	p. 481
Summary	p. 481
Introduction	p. 481
Brief Overview of the Matrix Pencil Method	p. 482
Problem Formulation for Simultaneous Estimation of DOA and the Frequency of the Signal	p. 488
Cramer-Rao Bound for the Direction of Arrival and Frequency of the Signal	p. 494
Example Using Isotropic Point Sources	p. 505
Example Using Realistic Antenna Elements	p. 512
Conclusion	p. 521
References	p. 521
Adaptive Processing of Broadband Signals	p. 523
Summary	p. 523
Introduction	p. 523
Formulation of a Direct Data Domain Least Squares Method for Adaptive Processing of Finite Bandwidth Signals Having Different Frequencies	p. 524
Forward Method for Adaptive Processing of Broadband Signals	p. 524
Backward Method	p. 529
Forward-Backward Method	p. 529
Numerical Simulation Results	p. 530
Conclusion	p. 535
References	p. 535
Effect of Random Antenna Position Errors on a Direct Data Domain Least Squares Approach for Space-Time Adaptive Processing	p. 537
Summary	p. 537
Introduction	p. 537
EIRP Degradation of Array Antennas Due to Random Position Errors	p. 540
Example of EIRP Degradation in Antenna Arrays	p. 544
Simulation Results	p. 547
Conclusion	p. 551
References	p. 551
Index	p. 553
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