Physics: Principles With Applications

by Giancoli, Douglas C.

• ISBN13: 9780130611437
• ISBN10: 0130611433
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-04-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL SCHOOL GROUP
• More Book Details

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Notes to Students and Instructors on the Format	xxii
Introduction	1	(18)
Science and creativity	2	(2)
Physics and its relation to other fields	4	(1)
Models, theories, and laws	5	(1)
Measurement and uncertainty	6	(2)
Units, standards, and the SI system	8	(3)
Converting units	11	(1)
Order of magnitude: rapid estimating	12	(3)
Mathematics in physics	15	(4)
Summary	15	(1)
Questions	16	(1)
Problems	16	(1)
General Problems	17	(2)
Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension	19	(29)
Reference frames and displacement	20	(1)
Average velocity	21	(2)
Instantaneous velocity	23	(1)
Acceleration	24	(2)
Motion at constant acceleration	26	(3)
Solving problems	29	(3)
Problem solving	29	(3)
Falling objects	32	(6)
Graphical analysis of linear motion	38	(10)
Summary	41	(1)
Questions	41	(1)
Problems	42	(4)
General Problems	46	(2)
Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors	48	(29)
Vectors and scalars	48	(1)
Addition of vectors---graphical methods	49	(2)
Subtraction of vectors, and multiplication of a vector by a scalar	51	(1)
Adding vectors by components	52	(5)
Problem solving: adding vectors	56	(1)
Projectile motion	57	(3)
Solving problems involving projectile motion	60	(6)
Problem solving: projectile motion	60	(6)
Projectile motion is parabolic	66	(1)
Relative velocity	66	(11)
Summary	69	(1)
Questions	70	(1)
Problems	70	(5)
General Problems	75	(2)
Motion and Force: Dynamics	77	(35)
Force	77	(1)
Newton's first law of motion	78	(2)
Mass	80	(1)
Newton's second law of motion	80	(3)
Newton's third law of motion	83	(4)
Weight---the force of gravity; and the normal force	87	(2)
Solving problems with Newton's laws: vector forces and free-body diagrams	89	(7)
Problem solving: Newton's laws: Free-body diagrams	91	(5)
Applications involving friction, inclines	96	(6)
Problem solving---A general approach	102	(10)
Problem solving: in general	102	(1)
Summary	103	(1)
Questions	103	(1)
Problems	104	(6)
General Problems	110	(2)
Circular Motion; Gravitation	112	(33)
Kinematics of uniform circular motion	112	(3)
Dynamics of uniform circular motion	115	(4)
A car rounding a curve	119	(3)
Nonuniform circular motion	122	(1)
Centrifugation	123	(1)
Newton's law of universal gravitation	124	(3)
Gravity near the Earth's surface; geophysical applications	127	(2)
Satellites and ``weightlessness''	129	(4)
Kepler's laws and Newton's synthesis	133	(4)
Types of forces in nature	137	(8)
Problem solving: uniform circular motion and gravity	137	(1)
Summary	138	(1)
Questions	138	(1)
Problems	139	(4)
General Problems	143	(2)
Work and Energy	145	(35)
Work done by a constant force	146	(4)
Problem solving: work	149	(1)
Work done by a varying force	150	(1)
Kinetic energy, and the work-energy principle	150	(3)
Potential energy	153	(4)
Conservative and nonconservative forces	157	(1)
Mechanical energy and its conservation	158	(1)
Problem solving using conservation of mechanical energy	159	(7)
Other forms of energy; energy transformations and the law of conservation of energy	166	(1)
Energy conservation with dissipative forces: solving problems	167	(2)
Problem solving: conservation of energy	169	(1)
Power	169	(11)
Summary	172	(1)
Questions	172	(2)
Problems	174	(4)
General Problems	178	(2)
Linear Momentum	180	(29)
Momentum and its relation to force	180	(2)
Conservation of momentum	182	(3)
Collisions and impulse	185	(2)
Conservation of energy and momentum in collisions	187	(1)
Elastic collisions in one dimension---solving problems using energy and momentum conservation	188	(2)
Inelastic collisions	190	(2)
Collisions in two or three dimensions	192	(2)
Problem solving: momentum conservation and collisions	194	(1)
Center of mass (CM)	194	(3)
CM for the human body	197	(2)
Center of mass and translational motion	199	(10)
Summary	201	(1)
Questions	201	(1)
Problems	202	(5)
General Problems	207	(2)
Rotational Motion	209	(32)
Angular quantities	209	(5)
Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated rotational motion	214	(1)
Rolling motion	215	(2)
Torque	217	(3)
Rotational dynamics; torque and rotational inertia	220	(2)
Solving problems in rotational dynamics	222	(3)
Problem solving: rotational motion	223	(2)
Rotational kinetic energy	225	(3)
Angular momentum and its conservation	228	(2)
Vector nature of angular quantities	230	(11)
Summary	232	(1)
Questions	233	(1)
Problems	234	(5)
General Problems	239	(2)
Bodies in Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture	241	(34)
Statics--the study of forces in equilibrium	241	(2)
The conditions for equilibrium	243	(2)
Solving statics problems	245	(5)
Problem solving: statics	245	(5)
Applications to muscles and joints	250	(2)
Stability and balance	252	(1)
Elasticity; stress and strain	253	(5)
Fracture	258	(3)
Spanning a space: arches and domes	261	(14)
Summary	264	(1)
Questions	265	(1)
Problems	266	(6)
General Problems	272	(3)
Fluids	275	(34)
Density and specific gravity	275	(1)
Pressure in fluids	276	(2)
Atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure	278	(1)
Pascal's principle	279	(1)
Measurement of pressure; gauges and the barometer	280	(2)
Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle	282	(5)
Fluids in motion; flow rate and the equation of continuity	287	(2)
Bernoulli's equation	289	(2)
Applications of Bernoulli's principle: from Torricelli to sailboats, airfoils, and TIA	291	(3)
Viscosity	294	(1)
Flow in tubes: Poiseuille's equation, blood flow	295	(1)
Surface tension and capillarity	296	(4)
Pumps; the heart and blood pressure	300	(9)
Summary	302	(1)
Questions	302	(2)
Problems	304	(3)
General Problems	307	(2)
Vibrations and Waves	309	(38)
Simple harmonic motion	309	(3)
Energy in the simple harmonic oscillator	312	(2)
The period and sinusoidal nature of SHM	314	(5)
The simple pendulum	319	(1)
Damped harmonic motion	320	(1)
Forced vibrations; resonance	321	(1)
Wave motion	322	(4)
Types of waves: transverse and longitudinal	326	(3)
Energy transported by waves	329	(1)
Intensity related to amplitude and frequency	330	(1)
Reflection and interference of waves	331	(3)
Standing waves; resonance	334	(3)
Refraction and diffraction	337	(10)
Summary	340	(1)
Questions	341	(1)
Problems	342	(3)
General Problems	345	(2)
Sound	347	(34)
Characteristics of sound	347	(3)
Intensity of sound: decibels	350	(2)
Amplitude related to intensity	352	(1)
The ear and its response; loudness	353	(2)
Sources of sound: vibrating strings and air columns	355	(6)
Quality of sound, and noise	361	(1)
Interference of sound waves; beats	362	(3)
Doppler effect	365	(4)
Shock waves and the sonic boom	369	(1)
Applications; ultrasound and medical imaging	370	(11)
Summary	374	(1)
Questions	375	(1)
Problems	376	(3)
General Problems	379	(2)
Temperature and Kinetic Theory	381	(36)
Atomic theory of matter	381	(3)
Temperature and thermometers	384	(3)
Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics	387	(1)
Thermal expansion	388	(2)
Anomalous behavior of water below 4C	390	(1)
Thermal stresses	391	(1)
The gas laws and absolute temperature	392	(2)
The ideal gas law	394	(2)
Problem solving with the ideal gas law	396	(1)
Ideal gas law in terms of molecules: Avogadro's number	397	(2)
Kinetic theory and the molecular interpretation of temperature	399	(3)
Distribution of molecular speeds	402	(1)
Real gases and changes of phase	403	(2)
Vapor pressure and humidity	405	(3)
Diffusion	408	(9)
Summary	411	(1)
Questions	411	(1)
Problems	412	(4)
General Problems	416	(1)
Heat	417	(26)
Heat as energy transfer	417	(2)
Distinction between temperature, heat, and internal energy	419	(1)
Internal energy of an ideal gas	420	(1)
Specific heat	420	(2)
Calorimetry---solving problems	422	(2)
Latent heat	424	(4)
Problem solving: calorimetry	427	(1)
Heat transfer: conduction	428	(3)
Heat transfer: convection	431	(2)
Heat transfer: radiation	433	(10)
Summary	437	(1)
Questions	438	(1)
Problems	439	(2)
General Problems	441	(2)
The Laws of Thermodynamics	443	(33)
The first law of thermodynamics	444	(1)
First law of thermodynamics applied to some simple systems	445	(4)
Human metabolism and the first law	449	(1)
The second law of thermodynamics---introduction	450	(1)
Heat engines	451	(5)
Refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps	456	(2)
Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics	458	(2)
Order to disorder	460	(1)
Unavailability of energy; heat death	461	(1)
Evolution and growth; ``Time's arrow''	462	(1)
Statistical interpretation of entropy and the second law	463	(1)
Energy resources: thermal pollution	464	(12)
Problem solving: thermodynamics	470	(1)
Summary	470	(1)
Questions	471	(1)
Problems	471	(3)
General Problems	474	(2)
Electric Charge and Electric Field	476	(26)
Static electricity; electric charge and its conservation	477	(1)
Electric charge in the atom	478	(1)
Insulators and conductors	479	(1)
Induced charge; the electroscope	479	(2)
Coulomb's law	481	(2)
Solving problems involving Coulomb's law and vectors	483	(3)
The electric field	486	(4)
Problem solving: electrostatics	490	(1)
Field lines	490	(2)
Electric fields and conductors	492	(1)
Electric forces in molecular biology: DNA structure and replication	493	(9)
Summary	496	(1)
Questions	496	(1)
Problems	497	(2)
General Problems	499	(3)
Electric Potential and Electric Energy; Capacitance	502	(25)
Electric potential and potential difference	502	(4)
Relation between electric potential and electric field	506	(1)
Equipotential lines	507	(1)
The electron volt, a unit of energy	508	(1)
Electric potential due to point charges	509	(2)
Electric dipoles	511	(2)
Capacitance	513	(1)
Dielectrics	514	(2)
Storage of electric energy	516	(2)
Cathode ray tube: TV and computer monitors, oscilloscope	518	(2)
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)	520	(7)
Summary	521	(1)
Questions	522	(1)
Problems	522	(3)
General Problems	525	(2)
Electric Currents	527	(28)
The electric battery	528	(2)
Electric current	530	(2)
Ohm's law: resistance and resistors	532	(2)
Resistivity	534	(3)
Superconductivity	537	(1)
Electric power	538	(2)
Power in household circuits	540	(1)
Alternating current	541	(3)
Microscopic view of electric current	544	(2)
The nervous system and nerve conduction	546	(9)
Summary	549	(1)
Questions	550	(1)
Problems	551	(2)
General Problems	553	(2)
DC Circuits	555	(33)
Resistors in series and in parallel	556	(6)
EMF and terminal voltage	562	(2)
Kirchhoff's rules	564	(2)
Solving problems with Kirchhoff's rules	566	(2)
Problem solving: Kirchhoff's rules	567	(1)
EMFs in series and in parallel; charging a battery	568	(1)
Circuits containing capacitors in series and in parallel	568	(2)
Circuits containing a resistor and a capacitor	570	(2)
Heart pacemakers	572	(1)
Electric hazards; leakage currents	573	(2)
DC ammeters and voltmeters	575	(3)
Effects of meter resistance	578	(10)
Summary	579	(1)
Questions	579	(2)
Problems	581	(4)
General Problems	585	(3)
Magnetism	588	(34)
Magnets and magnetic fields	588	(3)
Electric currents produce magnetism	591	(1)
Force on an electric current in a magnetic field; definition of B	592	(2)
Force on an electric charge moving in a magnetic field	594	(3)
Magnetic field due to a straight wire	597	(1)
Force between two parallel wires	597	(2)
Definition of the ampere and the coulomb	599	(1)
Ampere's law	599	(4)
Torque on a current loop: magnetic moment	603	(1)
Applications: galvanometers, motors, loudspeakers	604	(2)
The Hall effect	606	(1)
Mass spectrometer	607	(1)
Ferromagnetism; domains	608	(2)
Electromagnets and solenoids	610	(1)
Magnetic fields in magnetic materials: hysteresis	611	(11)
Problem solving: magnetic fields	613	(1)
Summary	614	(1)
Questions	614	(1)
Problems	615	(5)
General Problems	620	(2)
Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law; AC Circuits	622	(38)
Induced EMF	622	(2)
Faraday's law of induction; Lenz's law	624	(3)
EMF induced in a moving conductor	627	(1)
Changing magnetic flux produces an electric field	628	(1)
Electric generators	629	(2)
Counter EMF and torque; eddy currents	631	(2)
Transformers; transmission of power	633	(4)
Applications of induction: magnetic microphone, tape recording, computer memory, and the seismograph	637	(1)
Inductance	638	(2)
Energy stored in a magnetic field	640	(1)
LR circuit	641	(1)
AC circuits and impedance	642	(4)
LRC series AC circuit; problem solving	646	(3)
Resonance in AC circuits; oscillators	649	(1)
Impedance matching	650	(10)
Summary	652	(1)
Questions	652	(2)
Problems	654	(4)
General Problems	658	(2)
Electromagnetic Waves	660	(23)
Changing electric fields produce magnetic fields; Maxwell's equations	661	(1)
Maxwell's fourth equation; displacement current	662	(2)
Production of electromagnetic waves	664	(2)
Calculation of the speed of electromagnetic waves	666	(3)
Light as an electromagnetic wave and the electromagnetic spectrum	669	(3)
Measuring the speed of light	672	(1)
Energy in EM waves	673	(3)
Radio and television	676	(7)
Summary	679	(1)
Questions	680	(1)
Problems	680	(2)
General Problems	682	(1)
Light: Geometric Optics	683	(40)
The ray model of light	683	(1)
Reflection; image formation by a plane mirror	684	(4)
Formation of images by spherical mirrors	688	(8)
Problem solving: spherical mirrors	695	(1)
Index of refraction	696	(1)
Refraction: Snell's law	696	(3)
Total internal reflection; fiber optics	699	(3)
Thin lenses; ray tracing	702	(4)
The lens equation	706	(1)
Problem solving for lenses	707	(2)
Problem solving: thin lenses	707	(2)
Problem solving for combinations of lenses	709	(2)
The lensmaker's equation	711	(12)
Summary	715	(1)
Questions	716	(1)
Problems	717	(4)
General Problems	721	(2)
The Wave Nature of Light	723	(34)
Waves versus particles; Huygens' principle and diffraction	724	(1)
Huygens' principle and the law of refraction	725	(2)
Interference---Young's double-slit experiment	727	(4)
The visible spectrum and dispersion	731	(1)
Diffraction by a single slit or disk	732	(3)
Diffraction grating	735	(3)
The spectrometer and spectroscopy	738	(1)
Interference by thin films	739	(4)
Michelson interferometer	743	(1)
Polarization	744	(5)
Scattering of light by the atmosphere	749	(8)
Problem solving: interference	750	(1)
Summary	751	(1)
Questions	752	(1)
Problems	752	(3)
General Problems	755	(2)
Optical Instruments	757	(35)
The camera	757	(4)
The human eye; corrective lenses	761	(4)
The magnifying glass	765	(2)
Telescopes	767	(3)
Compound microscope	770	(2)
Aberrations of lenses and mirrors	772	(2)
Limits of resolution: the Rayleigh criterion	774	(3)
Resolution of telescopes and microscopes	777	(2)
Resolution of the human eye and useful magnification	779	(1)
Specialty microscopes and contrast	779	(3)
X-rays and X-ray diffraction	782	(2)
X-ray imaging and computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)	784	(8)
Summary	787	(1)
Questions	788	(1)
Problems	788	(3)
General Problems	791	(1)
Special Theory of Relativity	792	(31)
Galilean-Newtonian relativity	793	(3)
The Michelson-Morley experiment	796	(3)
Postulates of the special theory of relativity	799	(2)
Simultaneity	801	(2)
Time dilation and the twin paradox	803	(5)
Length contraction	808	(2)
Four-dimensional space-time	810	(1)
Momentum and mass	811	(1)
The ultimate speed	812	(1)
E=mc2; mass and energy	813	(3)
Relativistic addition of velocities	816	(1)
The impact of special relativity	817	(6)
Summary	818	(1)
Questions	818	(1)
Problems	819	(2)
General Problems	821	(2)
Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom	823	(36)
Discovery and properties of the electron	823	(3)
Planck's quantum hypothesis	826	(3)
Photon theory of light and the photoelectric effect	829	(4)
Photon interactions; Compton effect and pair production	833	(2)
Wave-particle duality; the principle of complementarity	835	(1)
Wave nature of matter	836	(2)
Electron microscopes	838	(2)
Early models of the atom	840	(1)
Atomic spectra: key to the structure of the atom	841	(3)
The Bohr model	844	(7)
de Broglie's hypothesis applied to atoms	851	(8)
Summary	852	(1)
Questions	853	(1)
Problems	854	(3)
General Problems	857	(2)
Quantum Mechanics of Atoms	859	(28)
Quantum mechanics---a new theory	860	(1)
The wave function and its interpretation; the double-slit experiment	861	(2)
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle	863	(4)
Philosophic implications: probability versus determinism	867	(1)
Quantum-mechanical view of atoms	868	(1)
Quantum mechanics of the hydrogen atom; quantum numbers	869	(3)
Complex atoms; the exclusion principle	872	(2)
The periodic table of elements	874	(1)
X-ray spectra and atomic number	875	(3)
Fluorescence and phosphorescence	878	(1)
Lasers	878	(4)
Holography	882	(5)
Summary	883	(1)
Questions	884	(1)
Problems	884	(2)
General Problems	886	(1)
Molecules and Solids	887	(29)
Bonding in molecules	887	(3)
Potential--energy diagrams for molecules	890	(2)
Weak (van der Waals) bonds	892	(3)
Molecular spectra	895	(6)
Bonding in solids	901	(1)
Band theory of solids	902	(3)
Semiconductors and doping	905	(2)
Semiconductor diodes	907	(2)
Transistors and integrated circuits	909	(7)
Summary	911	(1)
Questions	912	(1)
Problems	912	(2)
General Problems	914	(2)
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity	916	(27)
Structure and properties of the nucleus	916	(3)
Binding energy and nuclear forces	919	(3)
Radioactivity	922	(1)
Alpha decay	923	(2)
Beta decay	925	(2)
Gamma decay	927	(1)
Conservation of nucleon number and other conservation laws	928	(1)
Half-life and rate of decay	928	(2)
Calculations involving decay rates and half-life	930	(2)
Decay series	932	(2)
Radioactive dating	934	(2)
Stability and tunneling	936	(1)
Detection of radiation	937	(6)
Summary	939	(1)
Questions	939	(1)
Problems	940	(2)
General Problems	942	(1)
Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation	943	(30)
Nuclear reactions and the transmutaton of elements	943	(4)
Nuclear fission; nuclear reactors	947	(6)
Fusion	953	(5)
Passage of radiation through matter: radiation damage	958	(1)
Measurement of radiation---dosimetry	959	(4)
Radiation therapy	963	(1)
Tracers and imaging in research and medicine	963	(2)
Emission topography	965	(1)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	966	(7)
Summary	968	(1)
Questions	969	(1)
Problems	970	(2)
General Problems	972	(1)
Elementary Particles	973	(26)
High-energy particles	974	(1)
Particle accelerators	975	(4)
Beginnings of elementary particle physics---the Yukawa particle	979	(4)
Particles and antiparticles	983	(1)
Particle interactions and conservation laws	983	(1)
Particle classification	984	(2)
Particle stability and resonances	986	(1)
Strange particles	987	(1)
Quarks	988	(3)
The ``standard model'': quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the electroweak theory	991	(2)
Grand unified theories	993	(6)
Summary	995	(1)
Questions	996	(1)
Problems	996	(2)
General Problems	998	(1)
Astrophysics and Cosmology	999	(37)
Stars and galaxies	1000	(5)
Stellar evolution: the birth and death of stars	1005	(7)
General relativity: gravity and the curvature of space	1012	(5)
The expanding universe	1017	(4)
The big bang and the cosmic microwave background	1021	(2)
The standard cosmological model: the early history of the universe	1023	(4)
The future of the universe?	1027	(9)
Summary	1031	(1)
Questions	1032	(1)
Problems	1033	(1)
General Problems	1034	(2)
APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL REVIEW	1036	(12)
A-1 Relationships, proportionality, and equations	1036	(1)
A-2 Exponents	1037	(1)
A-3 Powers of 10, or exponential notation	1038	(1)
A-4 Algebra	1039	(4)
A-5 The binomial expansion	1043	(1)
A-6 Plane geometry	1043	(1)
A-7 Areas and volumes	1044	(1)
A-8 Trigonometric functions and identities	1045	(1)
A-9 Logarithms	1046	(2)
APPENDIX B DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS	1048	(3)
APPENDIX C ROTATING FRAMES OF REFERENCE; INERTIAL FORCES; CORIOLIS EFFECT	1051	(4)
APPENDIX D GAUSS'S LAW	1055	(5)
APPENDIX E GALILEAN AND LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS	1060	(4)
APPENDIX F SELECTED ISOTOPES	1064	(4)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems	1068	(13)
Index	1081	(14)
Photo Credits	1095