Physics: Principles & Problems

by Zitzewitz, Paul W.; Murphy, James T.

• ISBN13: 9780675024723
• ISBN10: 0675024722
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1990-12-01
• Publisher: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School

Table of Contents

Physics: A Mathematical Science	2	(22)
Physics: The Search for Understanding	2	(3)
Measurement and Scientific Methods	5	(2)
Metric System	7	(1)
Base and Derived Units	8	(1)
Scientific Notation	8	(2)
Prefixes Used with SI Units	10	(1)
Addition and Subtraction in Scientific Notation	11	(1)
Multiplication and Division in Scientific Notation	12	(1)
Uncertainties of Measurements	13	(1)
Accuracy and Precision	14	(1)
Significant Digits	14	(2)
Operations Using Significant Digits	16	(6)
Mathematical Relationships	22	(12)
Graphing Data	22	(3)
Linear Relationships	25	(1)
Parabolic Relationships	26	(1)
Inverse Relationships	26	(1)
Solving Equations Using Algebra	27	(2)
Units in Equations	29	(1)
Physics Focus: A2 + B2 = C2	30	(4)
Motion in a Straight Line	34	(22)
Position and Distance	34	(2)
Average and Instantaneous Speed	36	(3)
Velocity and Speed	39	(2)
Relativity of Velocity	41	(1)
Acceleration	41	(4)
Displacement During Uniform Acceleration	45	(4)
Acceleration Due to Gravity	49	(1)
Solving Motion Problems	50	(6)
Graphical Analysis of Motion	56	(16)
Position-Time Graph for Constant Velocity	56	(2)
Velocity from a Position-Time Graph	58	(1)
Position-Time Graph for a Complete Trip	58	(1)
Velocity-Time Graph for Constant Velocity	59	(3)
Velocity-Time Graph for Uniform Acceleration	62	(1)
Position-Time Graph for Uniform Acceleration	63	(1)
Acceleration-Time Graph for Uniform Acceleration	64	(1)
Physics Focus: Three-Dimensional Computer Graphing	65	(7)
Forces	72	(20)
Forces	72	(2)
Newton's First Law of Motion	74	(2)
Newton's Second Law of Motion	76	(1)
The Unit of Force	76	(2)
Newton's Third Law of Motion	78	(1)
Mass and Weight	79	(2)
Two Kinds of Mass	81	(1)
Friction	82	(3)
Acceleration When Two Forces Act on an Object	85	(2)
The Fall of Bodies in the Air	87	(5)
Vectors	92	(18)
Vector Addition; Graphical Method	92	(2)
Vector Addition in Two Dimensions	94	(1)
Independence of Vector Quantities	94	(1)
Vector Addition of Forces	95	(1)
Vector Addition; Mathematical Method	96	(1)
Addition of Several Vectors	97	(1)
Equilibrium	98	(1)
The Equilibrant	99	(1)
Perpendicular Components of Vectors	100	(3)
Gravitational Force and Inclined Planes	103	(2)
Non-perpendicular Components of Vectors	105	(5)
Motion in Two Dimensions	110	(18)
Independence of Motion in Two Dimensions	110	(4)
Projectile Motion	114	(2)
Uniform Circular Motion	116	(4)
Simple Harmonic Motion	120	(8)
Universal Gravitation	128	(18)
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion	128	(5)
Universal Gravitation	133	(1)
Newton's Test of the Inverse Square Law	134	(2)
Weighing Earth	136	(1)
Satellites	137	(2)
Weight and Weightlessness	139	(1)
The Gravitational Field	139	(2)
Einstein's Theory of Gravity	141	(5)
Momentum and Its Conservation	146	(18)
Momentum and Impulse	146	(5)
Newton's Third Law and Momentum	151	(2)
Law of Conservation of Momentum	153	(2)
Internal and External Forces	155	(3)
Conservation of Momentum in Two and Three Dimensions	158	(6)
Work, Energy, and Simple Machines	164	(14)
Work	164	(3)
Work and Direction of Force	167	(2)
Energy and Power	169	(1)
Simple Machines	170	(1)
Mechanical Advantage	171	(1)
Physics Focus: The Human Walking Machine	172	(6)
Energy	178	(16)
Forms of Energy	178	(2)
Work and Change in Kinetic Energy	180	(3)
Potential Energy	183	(3)
Conservation of Energy	186	(4)
Conservation of Energy in Collisions	190	(4)
Thermal Energy	194	(22)
Theories, Hot and Cold	194	(2)
Thermal Energy and Temperature	196	(1)
Equilibrium and Thermometry	197	(1)
Temperature Scales	198	(1)
The Kelvin or Absolute Scale	198	(2)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	200	(2)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	202	(2)
Specific Heat	204	(2)
Conservation in Energy Transfer	206	(3)
Change of State	209	(7)
Gas Laws	216	(16)
Assumptions of the Kinetic-Molecular Theory	216	(2)
Pressure	218	(2)
Boyle's Law	220	(3)
Charles' Law	223	(2)
The Ideal Gas Law	225	(1)
Physics Focus: Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion	226	(2)
Real Gases	228	(4)
States of Matter	232	(18)
Fluids at Rest---Hydrostatics	232	(5)
Fluids in Motion---Hydrodynamics	237	(1)
Liquids	238	(1)
Surface Tension	239	(2)
Evaporation and Condensation	241	(1)
Solid State	241	(1)
Elasticity	242	(1)
Thermal Expansion of Matter	242	(4)
Plasma	246	(1)
Physics Focus: Why Curve Balls Curve	246	(4)
Waves and Energy Transfer	250	(18)
Types of Waves	250	(4)
Frequency, Wavelength, and Velocity	254	(2)
Amplitude of a Wave	256	(1)
Wave Speed in a Medium	257	(1)
Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Boundaries	257	(3)
Interference of Waves	260	(1)
Standing Waves	261	(1)
Reflection of Waves	262	(1)
Refraction of Waves	262	(1)
Diffraction and Interference of Waves	263	(1)
Physics Focus: Microwave-Powered Aircraft	264	(4)
Sound	268	(18)
Sound Waves	268	(3)
The Doppler Shift	271	(1)
Pitch and Loudness	272	(2)
Sources of Sound	274	(1)
Resonance	275	(3)
Detection of Sound	278	(1)
The Quality of Sound	279	(3)
Physics Focus: Synthetic Music	282	(4)
Light	286	(16)
The Facts of Light	286	(2)
The Speed of Light	288	(2)
Sources of Light	290	(2)
Transmission and Absorption of Light	292	(1)
Color	292	(3)
Formation of Colors in Thin Films	295	(1)
Polarization of Light	296	(2)
Physics Focus: Compact Discs	298	(4)
Reflection and Refraction	302	(16)
The Law of Reflection	302	(1)
Refraction of Light	302	(3)
Snell's Law	305	(3)
Index of Refraction and the Speed of Light	308	(1)
Total Internal Reflection	309	(3)
Effects of Refraction	312	(1)
Dispersion of Light	313	(1)
Physics Focus: Stargazing Among the Stars	314	(4)
Mirrors and Lenses	318	(22)
Objects and Their Images in Plane Mirrors	318	(3)
Concave Mirrors	321	(1)
Spherical Aberration and Parabolic Mirrors	322	(1)
Real vs Virtual Images	322	(1)
Real Images Formed by Concave Mirrors	323	(3)
Virtual Images Formed by Concave Mirrors	326	(2)
Virtual Images Formed by Convex Mirrors	328	(2)
Lenses	330	(1)
Real Images Formed by Convex Lenses	331	(2)
Virtual Images Formed by Convex Lenses	333	(1)
Virtual Images Formed by Concave Lenses	334	(1)
Chromatic Aberration	335	(1)
Optical Instruments	335	(5)
Diffraction and Interference of Light	340	(12)
The Two-Slit Interference Pattern	340	(3)
Measuring the Wavelength of a Light Wave	343	(1)
Single-Slit Diffraction	344	(3)
Diffraction Gratings	347	(1)
Resolving Power of Lenses	348	(1)
Physics Focus: Holograms	349	(3)
Static Electricity	352	(16)
The Electrical Atom	352	(2)
Transferring Electrons	354	(1)
Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors	354	(2)
Forces of Charged Bodies	356	(1)
Charging by Induction	357	(1)
Coulomb's Law	358	(1)
The Unit of Charge: The Coulomb	359	(2)
Forces on Neutral Bodies	361	(2)
Physics Focus: Purification with Electricity	363	(5)
The Electric Field	368	(18)
Electric Fields	368	(4)
Electric Field Intensity	372	(2)
Energy and the Electric Potential	374	(1)
The Electric Potential in a Uniform Field	375	(2)
Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment	377	(2)
Sharing of Charge	379	(1)
Electric Fields Near Conductors	380	(2)
Storing Charges-The Capacitor	382	(4)
Current Electricity	386	(18)
Producing Electric Current	386	(2)
Electric Circuits	388	(2)
Rates of Energy Transfer	390	(1)
Resistance and Ohm's Law	391	(1)
Diagramming Electric Circuits	392	(2)
Controlling Current in a Circuit	394	(1)
Heating Effect of Electric Currents	395	(2)
Transmission of Electric Energy	397	(1)
The Kilowatt Hour	398	(6)
Series and Parallel Circuits	404	(20)
Series Circuits	404	(3)
Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit	407	(2)
Parallel Circuits	409	(4)
Applications of Parallel Circuits	413	(2)
Series-Parallel Circuits	415	(2)
Ammeters and Voltmeters	417	(7)
Magnetic Fields	424	(20)
General Properties of Magnets	424	(2)
Magnetic Fields Around Permanent Magnets	426	(2)
Electromagnetism	428	(1)
Magnetic Field Near a Coil	429	(2)
Magnetic Materials	431	(1)
Forces on Currents in Magnetic Fields	432	(2)
Measuring the Force on a Wire	434	(2)
Galvanometers	436	(1)
Electric Motors	437	(1)
The Force on a Single Charged Particle	438	(6)
Electromagnetic Induction	444	(18)
Faraday's Discovery	444	(2)
Electromotive Force	446	(2)
Electric Generators	448	(2)
Alternating Current Generator	450	(1)
Lenz's Law	451	(2)
Self-Inductance	453	(1)
Transformers	454	(8)
Electric and Magnetic Fields	462	(18)
Mass of the Electron	462	(5)
The Mass Spectrograph	467	(2)
Electromagnetic Waves	469	(2)
Production of Electromagnetic Waves	471	(2)
Reception of Electromagnetic Waves	473	(2)
X-Rays	475	(1)
Physics Focus: Ultra-High Voltage Electric Power Transmission	476	(4)
Quantum Theory	480	(14)
Radiation from Incandescent Bodies	480	(3)
Photoelectric Effect	483	(5)
The Compton Effect	488	(1)
Matter Waves	489	(1)
Particles and Waves	490	(4)
The Atom	494	(24)
The Nuclear Model	494	(3)
The Proton and the Neutron	497	(1)
Atomic Spectra	498	(3)
The Bohr Model of the Atom	501	(2)
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence	503	(2)
Predictions of the Bohr Model	505	(3)
Present Theory of the Atom	508	(1)
Lasers	509	(5)
Physics Focus: Scanning Tunneling Microscope	514	(4)
The Nucleus	518	(20)
Description of the Nucleus	518	(2)
Isotopes	520	(1)
Radioactive Decay	521	(1)
Nuclear Reactions and Equations	522	(2)
Half-Life	524	(1)
Nuclear Bombardment	525	(1)
Linear Accelerators	526	(1)
The Synchrotron	527	(1)
Particle Detectors	527	(2)
The Fundamental Particles	529	(1)
Particles and Antiparticles	530	(2)
The Quark Model of Nucleons	532	(6)
Nuclear Applications	538	(42)
Forces Within the Nucleus	538	(2)
Binding Energy of the Nucleus	540	(2)
Artificial Radioactivity	542	(2)
Nuclear Fission	544	(1)
Nuclear Reactors	545	(1)
Nuclear Fusion	546	(1)
Controlled Fusion	547	(5)
Appendices
Appendix A: Solutions	552	(20)
Appendix B: Equations	572	(1)
Appendix C: Reference Tables	573	(4)
Table C--1 SI Base Units	573	(1)
Table C--2 SI Prefixes	573	(1)
Table C--3 Units Derived from Base Units	573	(1)
Table C--4 Reference Data: Physical Constants, Conversion Factors, Useful Equations	574	(1)
Table C--5 International Atomic Masses	575	(1)
Table C--6 Trigonometric Functions	576	(1)
Appendix D: Law of Cosines and Sines	577	(1)
Appendix E: Physics--Related Careers	578	(2)
Glossary	580	(5)
Index	585