Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics: Volume II

by Giancoli, Douglas C.

• ISBN13: 9780130215192
• ISBN10: 0130215198
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Physics for Scientists and Engineers combines outstanding pedagogy with a clear and direct narrative and applications that draw the reader into the physics. The new edition features an unrivaled suite of media and on-line resources that enhance the understanding of physics. Many new topics have been incorporated such as: the Otto cycle, lens combinations, three-phase alternating current, and many more. New developments and discoveries in physics have been added including the Hubble space telescope, age and inflation of the universe, and distant planets. Modern physics topics are often discussed within the framework of classical physics where appropriate. For scientists and engineers who are interested in learning physics.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Supplements	xxviii
Notes to Students and Instructors on the Format	xxx
Use of Color	xxxi
Introduction, Measurement, Estimating	1	(15)
The Nature of Science	2	(1)
Models, Theories, and Laws	3	(1)
Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures	4	(2)
Units, Standards, and the SI System	6	(2)
Converting Units	8	(1)
Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating	9	(3)
Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis	12	(4)
Summary	13	(1)
Questions	13	(1)
Problems	14	(1)
General Problems	15	(1)
Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension	16	(29)
Reference Frames and Displacement	17	(1)
Average Velocity	18	(2)
Instantaneous Velocity	20	(3)
Acceleration	23	(3)
Motion at Constant Acceleration	26	(2)
Solving Problems	28	(3)
Falling Objects	31	(5)
Use of Calculus; Variable Acceleration	36	(9)
Summary	38	(1)
Questions	38	(1)
Problems	39	(3)
General Problems	42	(3)
Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors	45	(32)
Vectors and Scalars	45	(1)
Addition of Vectors---Graphical Methods	46	(2)
Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar	48	(1)
Adding Vectors by Components	48	(4)
Unit Vectors	52	(1)
Vector Kinematics	53	(2)
Projectile Motion	55	(3)
Solving Problems in Projectile Motion	58	(5)
Uniform Circular Motion	63	(3)
Relative Velocity	66	(11)
Summary	68	(1)
Questions	69	(1)
Problems	70	(4)
General Problems	74	(3)
Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion	77	(29)
Force	77	(1)
Newton's First Law of Motion	78	(1)
Mass	79	(1)
Newton's Second Law of Motion	80	(2)
Newton's Third Law of Motion	82	(3)
Weight---the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force	85	(3)
Solving Problems with Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams	88	(8)
Problem Solving---A General Approach	96	(10)
Summary	97	(1)
Questions	97	(1)
Problems	98	(5)
General Problems	103	(3)
Further Applications of Newton's Laws	106	(27)
Applications of Newton's Laws Involving Friction	106	(8)
Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion	114	(4)
Highway Curves, Banked and Unbanked	118	(3)
Nonuniform Circular Motion	121	(1)
Velocity-Dependent Forces; Terminal Velocity	122	(11)
Summary	124	(1)
Questions	124	(1)
Problems	125	(4)
General Problems	129	(4)
Gravitation and Newton's Synthesis	133	(22)
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation	133	(3)
Vector Form of Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation	136	(1)
Gravity Near the Earth's Surface; Geophysical Applications	137	(2)
Satellites and ``Weightlessness''	139	(4)
Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis	143	(3)
Gravitational Field	146	(1)
Types of Forces in Nature	147	(1)
Gravitational Versus Inertial Mass; the Principle of Equivalence	148	(1)
Gravitation as Curvature of Space; Black Holes	149	(6)
Summary	150	(1)
Questions	150	(1)
Problems	151	(2)
General Problems	153	(2)
Work and Energy	155	(21)
Work Done by a Constant Force	156	(3)
Scalar Product of Two Vectors	159	(2)
Work Done by a Varying Force	161	(3)
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle	164	(5)
Kinetic Energy at Very High Speed	169	(1)
Summary	170	(1)
Questions	170	(1)
Problems	171	(3)
General Problems	174	(2)
Conservation of Energy	176	(30)
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces	177	(1)
Potential Energy	178	(4)
Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation	182	(2)
Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy	184	(5)
The Law of Conservation of Energy	189	(1)
Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems	190	(2)
Gravitational Potential Energy and Escape Velocity	192	(3)
Power	195	(2)
Potential Energy Diagrams; Stable and Unstable Equilibrium	197	(9)
Summary	198	(1)
Questions	199	(1)
Problems	200	(4)
General Problems	204	(2)
Linear Momentum and Collisions	206	(33)
Momentum and Its Relation to Force	206	(2)
Conservation of Momentum	208	(3)
Collisions and Impulse	211	(3)
Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions	214	(1)
Elastic Collisions in One Dimension	214	(3)
Inelastic Collisions	217	(2)
Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions	219	(2)
Center of Mass (CM)	221	(4)
Center of Mass and Translational Motion	225	(2)
Systems of Variable Mass; Rocket Propulsion	227	(12)
Summary	230	(1)
Questions	230	(1)
Problems	231	(5)
General Problems	236	(3)
Rotational Motion about a Fixed Axis	239	(40)
Angular Quantities	240	(3)
Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Rotational Motion	243	(1)
Rolling Motion (without Slipping)	244	(2)
Vector Nature of Angular Quantities	246	(1)
Torque	247	(2)
Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia	249	(1)
Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics	250	(4)
Determining Moments of Inertia	254	(2)
Angular Momentum and Its Conservation	256	(4)
Rotational Kinetic Energy	260	(2)
Rotational Plus Translational Motion; Rolling	262	(6)
Why Does a Rolling Sphere Slow Down?	268	(11)
Summary	268	(1)
Questions	269	(1)
Problems	270	(6)
General Problems	276	(3)
General Rotation	279	(21)
Vector Cross Product	279	(1)
The Torque Vector	280	(1)
Angular Momentum of a Particle	281	(2)
Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles; General Motion	283	(2)
Angular Momentum and Torque for a Rigid Body	285	(2)
Rotational Imbalance	287	(1)
Conservation of Angular Momentum	288	(2)
The Spinning Top	290	(1)
Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces	291	(1)
The Coriolis Effect	292	(8)
Summary	294	(1)
Questions	294	(1)
Problems	295	(3)
General Problems	298	(2)
Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture	300	(32)
Statics---The Study of Forces in Equilibrium	300	(1)
The Conditions for Equilibrium	301	(2)
Solving Statics Problems	303	(5)
Stability and Balance	308	(1)
Elasticity; Stress and Strain	309	(3)
Fracture	312	(3)
Trusses and Bridges	315	(4)
Arches and Domes	319	(13)
Summary	321	(1)
Questions	321	(1)
Problems	322	(6)
General Problems	328	(4)
Fluids	332	(30)
Density and Specific Gravity	332	(1)
Pressure in Fluids	333	(4)
Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure	337	(1)
Pascal's Principle	337	(1)
Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer	338	(2)
Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle	340	(3)
Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity	343	(2)
Bernoulli's Equation	345	(2)
Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: From Torricelli to Sailboats, Airfoils, and TIA	347	(3)
Viscosity	350	(1)
Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's Equation	351	(1)
Surface Tension and Capillarity	351	(2)
Pumps	353	(9)
Summary	354	(1)
Questions	354	(2)
Problems	356	(4)
General Problems	360	(2)
Oscillations	362	(26)
Oscillations of a Spring	363	(1)
Simple Harmonic Motion	364	(5)
Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator	369	(2)
Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion	371	(1)
The Simple Pendulum	371	(2)
Physical Pendulum and Torsion Pendulum	373	(1)
Damped Harmonic Motion	374	(4)
Forced Vibrations; Resonance	378	(10)
Summary	380	(1)
Questions	381	(1)
Problems	381	(5)
General Problems	386	(2)
Wave Motion	388	(29)
Characteristics of Wave Motion	389	(2)
Wave Types	391	(4)
Energy Transported by Waves	395	(1)
Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave	396	(3)
The Wave Equation	399	(2)
The Principle of Superposition	401	(1)
Reflection and Transmission	402	(2)
Interference	404	(1)
Standing Waves; Resonance	405	(3)
Refraction	408	(2)
Diffraction	410	(7)
Summary	410	(1)
Questions	411	(1)
Problems	412	(3)
General Problems	415	(2)
Sound	417	(28)
Characteristics of Sound	417	(2)
Mathematical Representation of Longitudinal Waves	419	(1)
Intensity of Sound; Decibels	420	(4)
Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns	424	(5)
Quality of Sound, and Noise	429	(1)
Interference of Sound Waves; Beats	429	(3)
Doppler Effect	432	(3)
Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom	435	(2)
Applications; Ultrasound and Ultrasound Imaging	437	(8)
Summary	438	(1)
Questions	438	(1)
Problems	439	(4)
General Problems	443	(2)
Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and the Ideal Gas Law	445	(21)
Atomic Theory of Matter	446	(1)
Temperature and Thermometers	447	(2)
Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	449	(1)
Thermal Expansion	450	(4)
Thermal Stresses	454	(1)
The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature	454	(2)
The Ideal Gas Law	456	(1)
Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law	457	(2)
Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro's Number	459	(1)
Ideal Gas Temperature Scale---A Standard	460	(6)
Summary	461	(1)
Questions	461	(1)
Problems	462	(2)
General Problems	464	(2)
Kinetic Theory of Gases	466	(19)
The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature	466	(4)
Distribution of Molecular Speeds	470	(3)
Real Gases and Changes of Phase	473	(1)
Vapor Pressure and Humidity	474	(3)
Van der Waals Equation of State	477	(1)
Mean Free Path	478	(1)
Diffusion	479	(6)
Summary	481	(1)
Questions	481	(1)
Problems	482	(2)
General Problems	484	(1)
Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics	485	(31)
Heat as Energy Transfer	485	(2)
Internal Energy	487	(1)
Specific Heat	488	(1)
Calorimetry=---Solving Problems	489	(1)
Latent Heat	490	(3)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	493	(2)
Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics; Calculating the Work	495	(3)
Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy	498	(4)
Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas	502	(1)
Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation	503	(13)
Summary	508	(1)
Questions	509	(1)
Problems	510	(4)
General Problems	514	(2)
Second Law of Thermodynamics; Heat Engines	516	(29)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics---Introduction	516	(1)
Heat Engines	517	(3)
Reversible and Irreversible Processes; The Carnot Engine	520	(5)
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps	525	(3)
Entropy	528	(1)
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	529	(4)
Order to Disorder	533	(1)
Energy Availability; Heat Death	534	(1)
Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law	535	(2)
Thermodynamic Temperature Scale; Absolute Zero and the Third Law of Thermodynamics	537	(8)
Summary	539	(1)
Questions	539	(1)
Problems	540	(3)
General Problems	543	(2)
Electric Charge and Electric Field	545	(30)
Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation	546	(1)
Electric Charge in the Atom	547	(1)
Insulators and Conductors	547	(1)
Induced Charge; the Electroscope	548	(1)
Coulomb's Law	549	(5)
The Electric Field	554	(4)
Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions	558	(3)
Field Lines	561	(1)
Electric Fields and Conductors	562	(2)
Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field	564	(1)
Electric Dipoles	565	(10)
Summary	567	(1)
Questions	568	(1)
Problems	569	(3)
General Problems	572	(3)
Gauss's Law	575	(16)
Electric Flux	576	(2)
Gauss's Law	578	(2)
Applications of Gauss's Law	580	(6)
Experimental Basis of Gauss's and Coulomb's Law	586	(5)
Summary	586	(1)
Questions	587	(1)
Problems	587	(3)
General Problems	590	(1)
Electric Potential	591	(22)
Electric Potential and Potential Difference	591	(4)
Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field	595	(2)
Electric Potential Due to Point Charges	597	(2)
Potential Due to Any Charge Distribution	599	(1)
Equipotential Surfaces	600	(1)
Electric Dipoles	601	(1)
E Determined from V	602	(1)
Electrostatic Potential Energy; the Electron Volt	603	(2)
Cathode Ray Tube: TV and Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope	605	(8)
Summary	607	(1)
Questions	607	(1)
Problems	608	(3)
General Problems	611	(2)
Capacitance, Dielectrics, Electric Energy Storage	613	(21)
Capacitors	613	(1)
Determination of Capacitance	614	(3)
Capacitors in Series and Parallel	617	(3)
Electric Energy Storage	620	(1)
Dielectrics	621	(3)
Molecular Description of Dielectrics	624	(10)
Summary	627	(1)
Questions	627	(1)
Problems	628	(4)
General Problems	632	(2)
Electric Currents and Resistance	634	(24)
The Electric Battery	635	(1)
Electric Current	636	(2)
Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors	638	(2)
Resistivity	640	(2)
Electric Power	642	(2)
Power in Household Circuits	644	(1)
Alternating Current	645	(2)
Microscopic View of Electric Current: Current Density and Drift Velocity	647	(3)
Superconductivity	650	(1)
Electric Hazards; Leakage Currents	651	(7)
Summary	653	(1)
Questions	653	(1)
Problems	654	(2)
General Problems	656	(2)
DC Circuits	658	(28)
EMF and Terminal Voltage	659	(1)
Resistors in Series and in Parallel	660	(4)
Kirchhoff's Rules	664	(5)
Circuits Containing Resistor and Capacitor (RC Circuits)	669	(5)
DC Ammeters and Voltmeters	674	(2)
Transducers and the Thermocouple	676	(10)
Summary	678	(1)
Questions	678	(1)
Problems	679	(4)
General Problems	683	(3)
Magnetism	686	(23)
Magnets and Magnetic Fields	686	(3)
Electric Currents Produce Magnetism	689	(1)
Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B	689	(3)
Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field	692	(3)
Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Dipole Moment	695	(2)
Applications: Galvanometers, Motors, Loudspeakers	697	(2)
Discovery and Properties of the Electron	699	(2)
The Hall Effect	701	(1)
Mass Spectrometer	702	(7)
Summary	702	(1)
Questions	703	(1)
Problems	704	(3)
General Problems	707	(2)
Sources of Magnetic Field	709	(25)
Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire	710	(1)
Force Between Two Parallel Wires	710	(2)
Operational Definitions of the Ampere and the Coulomb	712	(1)
Ampere's Law	712	(4)
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid	716	(3)
Biot-Savart Law	719	(3)
Magnetic Materials---Ferromagnetism	722	(1)
Electromagnets and Solenoids	723	(1)
Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials; Hysteresis	724	(1)
Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism	725	(9)
Summary	727	(1)
Questions	727	(1)
Problems	728	(4)
General Problems	732	(2)
Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law	734	(22)
Induced EMF	734	(2)
Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law	736	(3)
EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor	739	(1)
Electric Generators	740	(2)
Counter EMF and Torque; Eddy Currents	742	(2)
Transformers and Transmission of Power	744	(3)
A Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field	747	(2)
Applications of Induction: Sound Systems, Computer Memory, the Seismograph	749	(7)
Summary	750	(1)
Questions	750	(1)
Problems	751	(3)
General Problems	754	(2)
Inductance; and Electromagnetic Oscillations	756	(16)
Mutual Inductance	756	(2)
Self-Inductance	758	(2)
Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field	760	(2)
LR Circuits	762	(2)
LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations	764	(2)
LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)	766	(6)
Summary	767	(1)
Questions	768	(1)
Problems	768	(2)
General Problems	770	(2)
AC Circuits	772	(15)
Introduction: AC Circuits	772	(1)
AC Circuit Containing only Resistance R	773	(1)
AC Circuit Containing only Inductance L	773	(1)
AC Circuit Containing only Capacitance C	774	(2)
LRC Series AC Circuit	776	(4)
Resonance in AC Circuits	780	(1)
Impedance Matching	781	(1)
Three-Phase AC	782	(5)
Summary	783	(1)
Questions	783	(1)
Problems	784	(1)
General Problems	785	(2)
Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves	787	(23)
Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Ampere's Law and Displacement Current	788	(3)
Gauss's Law for Magnetism	791	(1)
Maxwell's Equations	792	(1)
Production of Electromagnetic Waves	792	(2)
Electromagnetic Waves, and Their Speed, from Maxwell's Equations	794	(4)
Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum	798	(2)
Energy in EM Waves; the Poynting Vector	800	(2)
Radiation Pressure	802	(1)
Radio and Television	803	(7)
Summary	806	(1)
Questions	807	(1)
Problems	807	(2)
General Problems	809	(1)
Light: Reflection and Refraction	810	(26)
The Ray Model of Light	811	(1)
The Speed of Light and Index of Refraction	811	(1)
Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror	812	(4)
Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors	816	(6)
Refraction: Snell's Law	822	(2)
Visible Spectrum and Dispersion	824	(2)
Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics	826	(2)
Refraction at a Spherical Surface	828	(8)
Summary	830	(1)
Questions	831	(1)
Problems	832	(3)
General Problems	835	(1)
Lenses and Optical Instruments	836	(30)
Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing	837	(3)
The Lens Equation	840	(3)
Combinations of Lenses	843	(2)
Lensmaker's Equation	845	(3)
Cameras	848	(2)
The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses	850	(3)
Magnifying Glass	853	(1)
Telescopes	854	(2)
Compound Microscope	856	(2)
Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors	858	(8)
Summary	860	(1)
Questions	860	(1)
Problems	861	(3)
General Problems	864	(2)
Wave Nature of Light; Interference	866	(21)
Huygens' Principle and Diffraction	867	(1)
Huygens' Principle and the Law of Refraction	867	(3)
Interference---Young's Double-Slit Experiment	870	(3)
Coherence	873	(1)
Intensity in the Double-Slit Interference Pattern	874	(3)
Interference in Thin Films	877	(4)
Michelson Interferometer	881	(1)
Luminous Intensity	882	(5)
Summary	883	(1)
Questions	883	(1)
Problems	884	(1)
General Problems	885	(2)
Diffraction and Polarization	887	(29)
Diffraction by a Single Slit	888	(2)
Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern	890	(3)
Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment	893	(3)
Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures	896	(2)
Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the λ Limit	898	(1)
Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification	899	(1)
Diffraction Grating	900	(1)
The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy	901	(2)
Peak Widths and Resolving Power for a Diffraction Grating	903	(2)
X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction	905	(2)
Polarization	907	(4)
Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere	911	(5)
Summary	911	(1)
Questions	912	(1)
Problems	913	(2)
General Problems	915	(1)
Special Theory of Relativity	916	(33)
Galilean--Newtonian Relativity	917	(2)
The Michelson--Morley Experiment	919	(3)
Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity	922	(2)
Simultaneity	924	(2)
Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox	926	(4)
Length Contraction	930	(2)
Four-Dimensional Space---Time	932	(1)
Galilean and Lorentz Transformations	932	(4)
Relativistic Momentum and Mass	936	(2)
The Ultimate Speed	938	(1)
Energy and Mass; E = mc2	938	(4)
Doppler Shift for Light	942	(1)
The Impact of Special Relativity	943	(6)
Summary	944	(1)
Questions	945	(1)
Problems	945	(2)
General Problems	947	(2)
Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom	949	(28)
Planck's Quantum Hypothesis	949	(3)
Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect	952	(3)
Photons and the Compton Effect	955	(2)
Photon Interactions; Pair Production	957	(1)
Wave-Particle Duality; The Principle of Complementarity	958	(1)
Wave Nature of Matter	959	(2)
Electron Microscopes	961	(1)
Early Models of the Atom	962	(1)
Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom	963	(2)
The Bohr Model	965	(6)
De Broglie's Hypothesis Applied to Atoms	971	(6)
Summary	972	(1)
Questions	973	(1)
Problems	974	(2)
General Problems	976	(1)
Quantum Mechanics	977	(26)
Quantum Mechanics---A New Theory	978	(1)
The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment	979	(2)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	981	(3)
Philosophic Implications; Probability Versus Determinism	984	(1)
The Schrodinger Equation in One Dimension--Time-Independent Form	985	(3)
Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation	988	(1)
Free Particles; Plane Waves and Wave Packets	989	(1)
Particle in an Infinitely Deep Square Well Potential (a Rigid Box)	990	(4)
Finite Potential Well	994	(2)
Tunneling Through a Barrier	996	(7)
Summary	999	(1)
Questions	1000	(1)
Problems	1000	(2)
General Problems	1002	(1)
Quantum Mechanics of Atoms	1003	(27)
Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms	1003	(1)
Hydrogen Atom: Schrodinger Equation and Quantum Numbers	1004	(3)
Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions	1007	(3)
Complex Atoms; the Exclusion Principle	1010	(2)
The Periodic Table of Elements	1012	(1)
X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number	1013	(2)
Magnetic Dipole Moments; Total Angular Momentum	1015	(4)
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence	1019	(1)
Lasers	1019	(4)
Holography	1023	(7)
Summary	1025	(1)
Questions	1025	(1)
Problems	1026	(2)
General Problems	1028	(2)
Molecules and Solids	1030	(31)
Bonding in Molecules	1030	(3)
Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules	1033	(3)
Weak (van der Waals) Bonds	1036	(1)
Molecular Spectra	1037	(7)
Bonding in Solids	1044	(1)
Free-Electron Theory of Metals	1045	(3)
Band Theory of Solids	1048	(3)
Semiconductors and Doping	1051	(1)
Semiconductor Diodes	1052	(2)
Transistors and Integrated Circuits	1054	(7)
Summary	1055	(1)
Questions	1056	(1)
Problems	1057	(2)
General Problems	1059	(2)
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity	1061	(24)
Structure and Properties of the Nucleus	1061	(3)
Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces	1064	(3)
Radioactivity	1067	(1)
Alpha Decay	1068	(2)
Beta Decay	1070	(2)
Gamma Decay	1072	(1)
Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws	1073	(1)
Half-Life and Rate of Decay	1073	(4)
Decay Series	1077	(1)
Radioactive Dating	1078	(2)
Detection of Radiation	1080	(5)
Summary	1081	(1)
Questions	1081	(1)
Problems	1082	(1)
General Problems	1083	(2)
Nuclear Energy Effects and Uses of Radiation	1085	(29)
Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements	1085	(3)
Cross Section	1088	(2)
Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors	1090	(5)
Fusion	1095	(5)
Passage of Radiation through Matter; Radiation Damage	1100	(1)
Measurement of Radiation---Dosimetry	1101	(3)
Radiation Therapy	1104	(1)
Tracers	1104	(1)
Imaging by Tomography: CAT Scans, and Emission Tomography	1105	(2)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	1107	(7)
Summary	1109	(1)
Questions	1110	(1)
Problems	1110	(3)
General Problems	1113	(1)
Elementary Particles	1114	(26)
High-Energy Particles	1115	(1)
Particle Accelerators and Detectors	1115	(6)
Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics---Particle Exchange	1121	(3)
Particles and Antiparticles	1124	(1)
Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws	1124	(2)
Particle Classification	1126	(1)
Particle Stability and Resonances	1127	(2)
Strange Particles	1129	(1)
Quarks	1130	(2)
The ``Standard Model'': Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and the Electroweak Theory	1132	(2)
Grand Unified Theories	1134	(6)
Summary	1136	(1)
Questions	1137	(1)
Problems	1137	(1)
General Problems	1138	(2)
Astrophysics and and Cosmology	1140	(1)
Stars and Galaxies	1141	(4)
Stellar Evolution; the Birth and Death of Stars	1145	(6)
General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space	1151	(5)
The Expanding Universe	1156	(3)
The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background	1159	(2)
The Standard Cosmological Model: The Early History of the Universe	1161	(4)
The Future of the Universe?	1165	(3)
Summary	1168	(1)
Questions	1169	(1)
Problems	1170	(1)
General Problems	1171
Appendices
A Mathematical Formulas	A-1
A-1 Quadratic Formula	A-1
A-2 Binomial Expansion	A-1
A-3 Other Expansions	A-1
A-4 Areas and Volumes	A-1
A-5 Plane Geometry	A-2
A-6 Trigonometric Functions and Identities	A-2
A-7 Logarithms	A-3
B Derivatives and Integrals	A-4
C Gravitational Force Due to a Spherical Mass Distribution	A-6
D Selected Isotopes	A-9
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems	A-14
Index	A-33
Photo Credits	A-57

Excerpts

PREFACE A Brand New Third Edition It has been more than ten years since the second edition of this calculus-based introductory physics textbook was published. A lot has changed since then, not only in physics itself, but also in how physics is presented. Research in how students learn has provided textbook authors new opportunities to help students learn physics and learn it well. This third edition comes in two versions. The standard version covers all of classical physics plus a chapter on special relativity and one on the early quantum theory. The extended version, with modern physics, contains a total of nine detailed chapters on modern physics, ending with astrophysics and cosmology. This book retains the original approach: in-depth physics, concrete and nondogmatic, readable. This new third edition has many improvements in the physics and its applications. Before discussing those changes in detail, here is a list of some of the overall changes that will catch the eye immediately. Full color throughoutis not just cosmetic, although fine color photographs do help to attract the student readers. More important, full color diagrams allow the physics to be displayed with much greater clarity. We have not stopped at a 4-color process; this book has actually been printed in 5 pure colors (5 passes through the presses) to provide better variety and definition for illustrating vectors and other physics concepts such as rays and fields. I want to emphasize that color is used pedagogically to bring out the physics. For example, different types of vectors are given different colors--see the chart on page xxxi. Many more diagrams,almost double the number in the previous edition, have all been done or redone carefully using full color; there are many more graphs and many more photographs throughout. See for example in optics where new photographs show lenses and the images they make. Marginal noteshave been added as an aid to students to (i) point out what is truly important, (ii) serve as a sort of outline, and (iii) help students find details about something referred to later that they may not remember so well. Besides such "normal" marginal notes, there are also marginal notes that point out briefproblem solvinghints, and others that point out interestingapplications. The great laws of physicsare emphasized by giving them a marginal note all in capital letters and enclosed in a rectangle. The most important equations, especially those expressing the great laws, are further emphasized by a tan-colored screen behind them. Chapter opening photographshave been chosen to illustrate aspects of each chapter. Each was chosen with an eye to writing a caption which could serve as a kind of summary of what is in that chapter, and sometimes offer a challenge. Some chapter-opening photos have vectors or other analysis superimposed on them. Page layout: complete derivations.Serious attention has been paid to how each page was formatted, especially for page turns. Great effort has been made to keep important derivations and arguments on facing pages. Students then don't have to turn back to check. More important, readers repeatedly see before them, on two facing pages, an important slice of physics. Two kinds of Examples: Conceptual ExamplesandEstimates. New Physics The whole idea of a new edition is to improve, to bring in new material, and to delete material that is verbose and only makes the book longer or is perhaps too advanced and not so useful. Here is a brief summary of a few of the changes involving the physics itself. These lists are selections, not complete lists. New discoveries: planets revolving around distant stars Hubble Space Telescope updates in particle physics and cosmology, such a