Physics for Scientists and Engineers A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics [PEARSON CHANNEL]

by Knight, Randall D

• ISBN13: 9780137640164
• ISBN10: 0137640161
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2022-07-23
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

For courses in introductory calculus-based physics. 

A research-driven approach to physics

Physics for Scientists and Engineers incorporates Physics Education Research and cognitive science best practices that encourage conceptual development, problem-solving skill acquisition, and visualization. Knight stresses qualitative reasoning through physics principles before formalizing physics mathematically, developing student problem-solving skills with a systematic, scaffolded approach. The text presents a finely tuned, practical introduction to physics with problems that relate physics to everyday life and includes models, modeling, and advanced topics.

With the 5^th Edition, new and expanded media and assessments in Mastering and the Pearson eText provide fully integrated print and digital resources for both the active and traditional classroom. New content includes key topics such as Entropy quantitatively, Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Equation, and Carnot Efficiency details.

Author Biography

About our author

Randy Knight taught introductory physics for thirty-two years at Ohio State University and California Polytechnic State University, where he is Professor Emeritus of Physics. Professor Knight received a PhD in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, and was a post-doctoral fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics before joining the faculty at Ohio State University. A growing awareness of the importance of research in physics education led first to Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach and later College Physics: A Strategic Approach. Professor Knight’s research interests are in the fields of laser spectroscopy and environmental science. When he’s not in front of a computer, you can find Randy hiking, traveling, playing the piano, or spending time with his wife Sally and their five cats.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Volume 1

• Applications List
• Preface
• To Students
• Use of Color

1. Introduction, Measurement, Estimating
   • 1–1 How Science Works
   • 1–2 Models, Theories, and Laws
   • 1–3 Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures
   • 1–4 Units, Standards, and the SI System
   • 1–5 Converting Units
   • 1–6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating
   • *1–7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
   • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
2. Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension
   • 2–1 Reference Frames and Displacement
   • 2–2 Average Velocity
   • 2–3 Instantaneous Velocity
   • 2–4 Acceleration
   • 2–5 Motion at Constant Acceleration
   • 2–6 Solving Problems
   • 2–7 Freely Falling Objects
   • *2–8 Variable Acceleration; Integral Calculus
   • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
3. Kinematics in Two or Three Dimensions; Vectors
   • 3–1 Vectors and Scalars
   • 3–2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
   • 3–3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
   • 3–4 Adding Vectors by Components
   • 3–5 Unit Vectors
   • 3–6 Vector Kinematics
   • 3–7 Projectile Motion
   • 3–8 Solving Problems Involving Projectile Motion
   • 3–9 Relative Velocity
   • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
4. Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion
   • 4–1 Force
   • 4–2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
   • 4–3 Mass
   • 4–4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
   • 4–5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
   • 4–6 Weight—the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force
   • 4–7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws: Free-Body Diagrams
   • 4–8 Problem Solving—A General Approach
   • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
5. Using Newton’s Laws: Friction, Circular Motion, Drag Forces
   • 5–1 Using Newton’s Laws with Friction
   • 5–2 Uniform Circular Motion—Kinematics
   • 5–3 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
   • 5–4 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked
   • 5–5 Nonuniform Circular Motion
   • *5–6 Velocity-Dependent Forces: Drag and Terminal Velocity
   • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
6. Gravitation and Newton’s Synthesis
   • 6–1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
   • 6–2 Vector Form of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
   • 6–3 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface
   • 6–4 Satellites and “Weightlessness”
   • 6–5 Planets, Kepler’s Laws, and Newton’s Synthesis
   • 6–6 Moon Rises an Hour Later Each Day
   • 6–7 Types of Forces in Nature
   • *6–8 Gravitational Field
   • *6–9 Principle of Equivalence; Curvature of Space; Black Holes
   • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
7. Work and Energy
   • 7–1 Work Done by a Constant Force
   • 7–2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors
   • 7–3 Work Done by a Varying Force
   • 7–4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle
   • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
8. Conservation of Energy
   • 8–1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
   • 8–2 Potential Energy
   • 8–3 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation
   • 8–4 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
   • 8–5 The Law of Conservation of Energy
   • 8–6 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems
   • 8–7 Gravitational Potential Energy and Escape Velocity
   • 8–8 Power
   • 8–9 Potential Energy Diagrams; Stable and Unstable Equilibrium
   • *8–10 Gravitational Assist (Slingshot)
   • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
9. Linear Momentum
   • 9–1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force
   • 9–2 Conservation of Momentum
   • 9–3 Collisions and Impulse
   • 9–4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions
   • 9–5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
   • 9–6 Inelastic Collisions
   • 9–7 Collisions in 2 or 3 Dimensions
   • 9–8 Center of Mass (CM)
   • 9–9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion
   • *9–10 Systems of Variable Mass; Rocket Propulsion
   • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
10. Rotational Motion
    • 10–1 Angular Quantities
    • 10–2 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities
    • 10–3 Constant Angular Acceleration
    • 10–4 Torque
    • 10–5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia
    • 10–6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics
    • 10–7 Determining Moments of Inertia
    • 10–8 Rotational Kinetic Energy
    • 10–9 Rotation plus Translational Motion; Rolling
    • *10–10 Why Does a Rolling Sphere Slow Down?
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
11. Angular Momentum; General Rotation
    • 11–1 Angular Momentum—Objects Rotating About a Fixed Axis
    • 11–2 Vector Cross Product; Torque as a Vector
    • 11–3 Angular Momentum of a Particle
    • 11–4 Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles; General Motion
    • 11–5 Angular Momentum and Torque for a Rigid Object
    • 11–6 Conservation of Angular Momentum
    • *11–7 The Spinning Top and Gyroscope
    • 11–8 Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces
    • *11–9 The Coriolis Effect
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
12. Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture
    • 12–1 The Conditions for Equilibrium
    • 12–2 Solving Statics Problems
    • *12–3 Applications to Muscles and Joints
    • 12–4 Stability and Balance
    • 12–5 Elasticity; Stress and Strain
    • 12–6 Fracture
    • *12–7 Trusses and Bridges
    • *12–8 Arches and Domes
13. Fluids
    • 13–1 Phases of Matter
    • 13–2 Density and Specif ic Gravity
    • 13–3 Pressure in Fluids
    • 13–4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
    • 13–5 Pascal’s Principle
    • 13–6 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer
    • 13–7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
    • 13–8 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity
    • 13–9 Bernoulli’s Equation
    • 13–10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, Blood Flow
    • 13–11 Viscosity
    • *13–12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, Blood Flow
    • *13–13 Surface Tension and Capillarity
    • *13–14 Pumps, and the Heart
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
14. Oscillations
    • 14–1 Oscillations of a Spring
    • 14–2 Simple Harmonic Motion
    • 14–3 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
    • 14–4 Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion
    • 14–5 The Simple Pendulum
    • *14–6 The Physical Pendulum and the Torsion Pendulum
    • 14–7 Damped Harmonic Motion
    • 14–8 Forced Oscillations; Resonance
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
15. Wave Motion
    • 15–1 Characteristics of Wave Motion
    • 15–2 Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal
    • 15–3 Energy Transported by Waves
    • 15–4 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave
    • *15–5 The Wave Equation
    • 15–6 The Principle of Superposition
    • 15–7 Reflection and Transmission
    • 15–8 Interference
    • 15–9 Standing Waves; Resonance
    • 15–10 Refraction
    • 15–11 Diffraction
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
16. Sound
    • 16–1 Characteristics of Sound
    • 16–2 Mathematical Representation of Longitudinal Waves
    • 16–3 Intensity of Sound: Decibels
    • 16–4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns
    • *16–5 Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition
    • 16–6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats
    • 16–7 Doppler Effect
    • *16–8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom
    • *16–9 Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
17. Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and the Ideal Gas Law
    • 17–1 Atomic Theory of Matter
    • 17–2 Temperature and Thermometers
    • 17–3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
    • 17–4 Thermal Expansion
    • *17–5 Thermal Stresses
    • 17–6 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature
    • 17–7 The Ideal Gas Law
    • 17–8 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law
    • 17–9 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro’s Number
    • *17–10 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale—a Standard
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
18. Kinetic Theory of Gases
    • 18–1 The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature
    • 18–2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
    • 18–3 Real Gases and Changes of Phase
    • 18–4 Vapor Pressure and Humidity
    • 18–5 Temperature Decrease of Boiling Water with Altitude
    • 18–6 Van der Waals Equation of State
    • 18–7 Mean Free Path
    • 18–8 Diffusion
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
19. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics
    • 19–1 Heat as Energy Transfer
    • 19–2 Internal Energy
    • 19–3 Specific Heat
    • 19–4 Calorimetry—Solving Problems
    • 19–5 Latent Heat
    • 19–6 The First Law of Thermodynamics
    • 19–7 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law
    • 19–8 Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy
    • 19–9 Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas
    • 19–10 Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
20. Second Law of Thermodynamics
    • 20–1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics—Introduction
    • 20–2 Heat Engines
    • 20–3 The Carnot Engine; Reversible and Irreversible Processes
    • 20–4 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
    • 20–5 Entropy
    • 20–6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
    • 20–7 Order to Disorder
    • 20–8 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death
    • 20–9 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law
    • *20–10 Thermodynamic Temperature; Third Law of Thermodynamics
    • 20–11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems

Appendices

1. Mathematical Formulas
2. Derivatives and Integrals
3. Numerical Integration
4. More on Dimensional Analysis
5. Gravitational Force Due to a Spherical Mass Distribution
6. Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations
7. Selected Isotopes

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Index

Photo Credits

Contents

Volume 2

• Applications List
• Preface
• To Students
• Use of Color

21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
    • 21–1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation
    • 21–2 Electric Charge in the Atom
    • 21–3 Insulators and Conductors
    • 21–4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
    • 21–5 Coulomb’s Law
    • 21–6 The Electric Field
    • 21–7 Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions
    • 21–8 Field Lines
    • 21–9 Electric Fields and Conductors
    • 21–10 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field
    • 21–11 Electric Dipoles
    • *21–12 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
22. Gauss’s Law
    • 22–1 Electric Flux
    • 22–2 Gauss’s Law
    • 22–3 Applications of Gauss’s Law
    • *22–4 Experimental Basis of Gauss’s and Coulomb’s Laws
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
23. Electric Potential
    • 23–1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference
    • 23–2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field
    • 23–3 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
    • 23–4 Potential Due to Any Charge Distribution
    • 23–5 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces
    • 23–6 Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment
    • 23–7 Determined from V
    • 23–8 Electrostatic Potential Energy; the Electron Volt
    • 23–9 Digital; Binary Numbers; Signal Voltage
    • *23–10 TV and Computer Monitors
    • *23–11 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
24. Capacitance, Dielectrics, Electric Energy Storage
    • 24–1 Capacitors
    • 24–2 Determination of Capacitance
    • 24–3 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
    • 24–4 Storage of Electric Energy
    • 24–5 Dielectrics
    • *24–6 Molecular Description of Dielectrics
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
25. Electric Currents and Resistance
    • 25–1 The Electric Battery
    • 25–2 Electric Current
    • 25–3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors
    • 25–4 Resistivity
    • 25–5 Electric Power
    • 25–6 Power in Household Circuits
    • 25–7 Alternating Current
    • 25–8 Microscopic View of Electric Current
    • *25–9 Superconductivity
    • *25–10 Electrical Conduction in the Human Nervous System
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
26. DC Circuits
    • 26–1 EMF and Terminal Voltage
    • 26–2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel
    • 26–3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
    • 26–4 EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery
    • 26–5 RC Circuits—Resistor and Capacitor in Series
    • 26–6 Electric Hazards and Safety
    • 26–7 Ammeters and Voltmeters—Measurement Affects the Quantity Being Measured
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
27. Magnetism
    • 27–1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields
    • 27–2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields
    • 27–3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of
    • 27–4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field
    • 27–5 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Dipole Moment
    • 27–6 Applications: Motors, Loudspeakers, Galvanometers
    • 27–7 Discovery and Properties of the Electron
    • 27–8 The Hall Effect
    • 27–9 Mass Spectrometer
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
28. Sources of Magnetic Field
    • 28–1 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire
    • 28–2 Force between Two Parallel Wires
    • 28–3 Definitions of the Ampere and the Coulomb
    • 28–4 Ampère’s Law
    • 28–5 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid
    • 28–6 Biot-Savart Law
    • 28–7 Magnetic Field Due to a Single Moving Charge
    • 28–8 Magnetic Materials—Ferromagnetism
    • 28–9 Electromagnets and Solenoids—Applications
    • 28–10 Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials; Hysteresis
    • *28–11 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
29. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday’s Law
    • 29–1 Induced EMF
    • 29–2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law
    • 29–3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor
    • 29–4 Electric Generators
    • 29–5 Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents
    • 29–6 Transformers and Transmission of Power
    • 29–7 A Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field
    • *29–8 Information Storage: Magnetic and Semiconductor; Tape, Hard Drive, RAM
    • *29–9 Applications of Induction: Microphone, Seismograph, GFCI
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
30. Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations, and AC Circuits
    • 30–1 Mutual Inductance
    • 30–2 Self-Inductance; Inductors
    • 30–3 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
    • 30–4 LR Circuits
    • 30–5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations
    • 30–6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)
    • 30–7 AC Circuits and Reactance
    • 30–8 LRC Series AC Circuit; Phasor Diagrams
    • 30–9 Resonance in AC Circuits
    • 30–10 Impedance Matching
    • *30–11 Three-Phase AC
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
31. Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
    • 31–1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Displacement Current
    • 31–2 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
    • 31–3 Maxwell’s Equations
    • 31–4 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
    • 31–5 Electromagnetic Waves, and Their Speed, Derived from Maxwell’s Equations
    • 31–6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
    • 31–7 Measuring the Speed of Light
    • 31–8 Energy in EM Waves; the Poynting Vector
    • 31–9 Radiation Pressure
    • 31–10 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
32. Light: Reflection and Refraction
    • 32–1 The Ray Model of Light
    • 32–2 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror
    • 32–3 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors
    • 32–4 Index of Refraction
    • 32–5 Refraction: Snell’s Law
    • 32–6 The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion
    • 32–7 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics
    • *32–8 Refraction at a Spherical Surface
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
33. Lenses and Optical Instruments
    • 33–1 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing and Focal Length
    • 33–2 The Thin Lens Equation
    • 33–3 Combinations of Lenses
    • *33–4 Lensmaker’s Equation
    • 33–5 Cameras: Film and Digital
    • 33–6 The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses
    • 33–7 Magnifying Glass
    • 33–8 Telescopes
    • 33–9 Compound Microscope
    • 33–10 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
34. The Wave Nature of Light: Interference and Polarization
    • 34–1 Waves vs. Particles; Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction
    • 34–2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of Refraction
    • 34–3 Interference-Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
    • 34–4 Intensity in the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
    • 34–5 Interference in Thin Films
    • 34–6 Michelson Interferometer
    • 34–7 Polarization
    • *34–8 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)
    • *34–9 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere
    • *34–10 Brightness, in Lumens
    • *34–11 Efficiency of Lightbulbs
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
35. Diffraction
    • 35–1 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk
    • *35–2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern
    • *35–3 Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment
    • 35–4 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures
    • 35–5 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the ? Limit
    • 35–6 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification
    • 35–7 Diffraction Grating
    • 35–8 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy
    • *35–9 Peak Widths and Resolving Power for a Diffraction Grating
    • 35–10 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction
    • *35–11 X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
    • *35–12 Specialty Microscopes and Contrast
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems

Appendices

1. Mathematical Formulas
2. Derivatives and Integrals
3. Numerical Integration
4. More on Dimensional Analysis
5. Gravitational Force Due to a Spherical Mass Distribution
6. Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations
7. Selected Isotopes

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Index

Photo Credits

Contents

Volume 3

• Applications List
• Preface
• To Students
• Use of Color

36. The Special Theory of Relativity
    • 36–1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity
    • 36–2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment
    • 36–3 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity
    • 36–4 Simultaneity
    • 36–5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox
    • 36–6 Length Contraction
    • 36–7 Four-Dimensional Space-Time
    • 36–8 Galilean and Lorentz Transformations
    • 36–9 Relativistic Momentum
    • 36–10 The Ultimate Speed
    • 36–11 $E={mc}^2$; Mass and Energy
    • *36–12 Doppler Shift for Light
    • 36–13 The Impact of Special Relativity
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
37. Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom
    • 37–1 Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis; Blackbody Radiation
    • 37–2 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect
    • 37–3 Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon
    • 37–4 Compton Effect
    • 37–5 Photon Interactions; Pair Production
    • 37–6 Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of Complementarity
    • 37–7 Wave Nature of Matter
    • 37–8 Electron Microscopes
    • 37–9 Early Models of the Atom
    • 37–10 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom
    • 37–11 The Bohr Model
    • 37–12 de Broglie’s Hypothesis Applied to Atoms
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
38. Quantum Mechanics
    • 38–1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory
    • 38–2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment
    • 38–3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
    • 38–4 Philosophic Implications; Probability Versus Determinism
    • 38–5 The Schrödinger Equation in One Dimension—Time-Independent Form
    • *38–6 Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation
    • 38–7 Free Particles; Plane Waves and Wave Packets
    • 38–8 Particle in an Infinitely Deep Square Well Potential (a Rigid Box)
    • 38–9 Finite Potential Well
    • 38–10 Tunneling through a Barrier
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
39. Quantum Mechanics of Atoms
    • 39–1 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms
    • 39–2 Hydrogen Atom: Schrödinger Equation and Quantum Numbers
    • 39–3 Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions
    • 39–4 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle
    • 39–5 Periodic Table of Elements
    • 39–6 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number
    • *39–7 Magnetic Dipole Moment; Total Angular Momentum
    • 39–8 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
    • 39–9 Lasers
    • *39–10 Holography
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
40. Molecules and Solids
    • 40–1 Bonding in Molecules
    • 40–2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules
    • 40–3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds
    • 40–4 Molecular Spectra
    • 40–5 Bonding in Solids
    • 40–6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals; Fermi Energy
    • 40–7 Band Theory of Solids
    • 40–8 Semiconductors and Doping
    • 40–9 Semiconductor Diodes, LEDs, OLEDs
    • 40–10 Transistors: Bipolar and MOSFETs
    • 40–11 Integrated Circuits, 10-nm Technology
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
41. Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
    • 41–1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus
    • 41–2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces
    • 41–3 Radioactivity
    • 41–4 Alpha Decay
    • 41–5 Beta Decay
    • 41–6 Gamma Decay
    • 41–7 Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws
    • 41–8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay
    • 41–9 Decay Series
    • 41–10 Radioactive Dating
    • 41–11 Detection of Particles
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
42. Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation
    • 42–1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements
    • 42–2 Cross Section
    • 42–3 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors
    • 42–4 Nuclear Fusion
    • 42–5 Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Biological Damage
    • 42–6 Measurement of Radiation—Dosimetry
    • *42–7 Radiation Therapy
    • *42–8 Tracers in Research and Medicine
    • *42–9 Emission Tomography: PET and SPECT
    • *42–10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR); Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
43. Elementary Particles
    • 43–1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators
    • 43–2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics—Particle Exchange
    • 43–3 Particles and Antiparticles
    • 43–4 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws
    • 43–5 Neutrinos
    • 43–6 Particle Classification
    • 43–7 Particle Stability and Resonances
    • 43–8 Strangeness? Charm? Towards a New Model
    • 43–9 Quarks
    • 43–10 The Standard Model: QCD and Electroweak Theory
    • 43–11 Grand Unified Theories
    • 43–12 Strings and Supersymmetry
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems
44. Astrophysics and Cosmology
    • 44–1 Stars and Galaxies
    • 44–2 Stellar Evolution: Birth and Death of Stars, Nucleosynthesis
    • 44–3 Distance Measurements
    • 44–4 General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space
    • 44–5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and Hubble’s Law
    • 44–6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background
    • 44–7 The Standard Cosmological Model: Early History of the Universe
    • 44–8 Inflation: Explaining Flatness, Uniformity, and Structure
    • 44–9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy
    • 44–10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
    • 44–11 Gravitational Waves—LIGO
    • 44–12 Finally . . .
    • Questions, MisConceptions, Problems

Appendices

1. Mathematical Formulas
2. Derivatives and Integrals
3. Numerical Integration
4. More on Dimensional Analysis
5. Gravitational Force Due to a Spherical Mass Distribution
6. Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations
7. Selected Isotopes

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Index

Photo Credits