PIC Microcontroller An Introduction to Software & Hardware Interfacing

by Huang, Han-Way; Chartrand, Leo

• ISBN13: 9781401839673
• ISBN10: 1401839673
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-07-01
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This book presents a thorough introduction to the Microchip PIC? microcontroller family, including all of the PIC programming and interfacing for all the peripheral functions. A step-by-step approach to PIC assembly language programming is presented, with tutorials that demonstrate how to use such inherent development tools such as the Integrated Development Environment MPLAB, PIC18 C compiler, the ICD2 in-circuit debugger, and several demo boards. Comprehensive coverage spans the topics of interrupts, timer functions, parallel I/O ports, various serial communications such as USART, SPI, I2C, CAN, A/D converters, and external memory expansion.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
Introduction to the PIC18 Microcontroller	1	(36)
Objectives	1	(1)
What Is a Computer?	2	(4)
The Processor	2	(1)
The Microprocessor	3	(1)
Microcontrollers	4	(1)
Memory	4	(2)
The Computer Software	6	(2)
Assembly Language	6	(1)
High-Level Languages	7	(1)
Overview of the PIC18 MCU	8	(5)
The PIC18 Memory Organization	13	(4)
Separation of Data Memory and Program Memory	13	(1)
PIC18 Data Memory	14	(1)
EEPROM Data Memory	15	(1)
Program Memory Organization	15	(2)
The PIC18 CPU Registers	17	(2)
The PIC18 Pipelining	19	(1)
PIC18 Instruction Format	20	(2)
Addressing Modes	22	(4)
Register Direct	22	(1)
Immediate Mode	23	(1)
Inherent Mode	23	(1)
Indirect Mode	23	(2)
Bit-Direct Addressing Mode	25	(1)
A Sample of PIC18 Instructions	26	(3)
Data Movement Instructions	26	(1)
ADD Instructions	27	(2)
SUB Instructions	29	(1)
Overview of the 8-Bit MCU Market	29	(4)
CISC versus RISC	30	(1)
Major 8-Bit MCUs	31	(1)
Motorola 8-Bit MCUs	32	(1)
Intel 8051/8052 Variants	32	(1)
The Atmel AVR	33	(1)
Summary	33	(2)
Exercises	35	(2)
PIC18 Assembly Language Programming	37	(52)
Objectives	37	(1)
Introduction	38	(1)
Assembly Language Program Structure	38	(2)
The Label Fields	38	(1)
The Mnemonic Field	39	(1)
The Operand Field	39	(1)
The Comment Field	39	(1)
Assembler Directives	40	(13)
Control Directives	40	(4)
Data Directives	44	(3)
Macro Directives	47	(1)
Listing Directives	48	(2)
Object File Directives	50	(3)
Representing the Program Logic	53	(2)
A Template for Writing Assembly Programs	55	(1)
Case Issue	56	(1)
Writing Programs to Perform Arithmetic Computations	56	(10)
Perform Addition Operations	56	(2)
Perform Subtraction Operations	58	(2)
Binary Coded Decimal Addition	60	(3)
Multiplication	63	(3)
Program Loops	66	(9)
Program Loop Constructs	66	(2)
Changing the Program Counter	68	(7)
Reading and Writing Data in Program Memory	75	(3)
Logic Instructions	78	(2)
Using Program Loop to Create Time Delays	80	(2)
Rotate Instructions	82	(3)
Using Rotate Instructions to Perform Multiplications and Divisions	85	(1)
Summary	86	(1)
Exercises	87	(2)
PIC18 Development Tools	89	(36)
Objectives	89	(1)
Development Tools	90	(1)
Software Tools	90	(1)
Text Editors	90	(1)
Cross Assemblers and Cross Compilers	90	(1)
Simulator	90	(1)
Source-Level Debugger	91	(1)
Integrated Development Environment	91	(1)
Hardware Tools	91	(4)
The Nature of Debugging Activities	91	(1)
ICE	92	(1)
Device Programmer	93	(1)
In-Circuit-Debugger II	94	(1)
Demo Boards	95	(1)
Using MPLAB IDE	95	(7)
Getting Started with MPLAB IDE	96	(1)
Creating a Simple Project	97	(3)
Entering Source Code	100	(1)
Adding Source Files to the Project	101	(1)
Building the Project	102	(1)
Debugging the Project	102	(1)
Using the MPLAB SIM in Debugging PIC18 Applications	102	(9)
Setting Up the Simulator	103	(1)
Running Code under MPLAB SIM	103	(2)
Viewing Variables	105	(1)
Using Watch Window to View Variables	105	(1)
Setting Breakpoints	106	(2)
Tracing Code	108	(2)
Advanced Simulator Options	110	(1)
Using the MPLAB ICD 2	111	(5)
ICD2 Settings	112	(4)
Demo Boards from Shuan-Shizu Enterprise	116	(4)
SSE452 Demo Board	116	(2)
SSE8720 Demo Board	118	(1)
SSE8680 Demo Board	119	(1)
Debug Monitor	120	(1)
Summary	120	(1)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	121	(4)
Advanced Assembly Programming	125	(58)
Objectives	125	(1)
Introduction	126	(1)
Signed Arithmetic	126	(5)
Signed 8-Bit Multiplication	126	(2)
Signed 16-Bit Multiplication	128	(3)
Unsigned Divide Operation	131	(2)
Signed Divide Operation	133	(4)
The Stack	137	(2)
Stack Operations	138	(1)
Subroutines	139	(3)
Instructions for Supporting Subroutine Calls	140	(1)
Return Address Stack	141	(1)
Top-of-Stack Access	141	(1)
Return Address Stack Pointer (STKPTR)	141	(1)
Fast Register Stack	141	(1)
Table Lookup Instruction	142	(1)
Issues Related to Subroutine Calls	142	(11)
The Stack Frame	144	(1)
Accessing Locations in the Stack Frame	144	(9)
String Processing	153	(13)
More Examples on Subroutine Calls	166	(11)
Square Root Computation	171	(3)
Finding Prime Numbers	174	(3)
Summary	177	(1)
Exercises	177	(2)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	179	(4)
A Tutorial to the C Language and the Use of the C Compiler	183	(60)
Objectives	183	(1)
Introduction to C	184	(1)
Types, Operators, and Expressions	185	(3)
Data Types	185	(1)
Variable Declarations	185	(1)
Constants	185	(1)
Arithmetic Operators	186	(1)
Bitwise Operators	186	(1)
Relational and Logical Operators	187	(1)
Precedence of Operators	188	(1)
Control Flow	188	(4)
If Statement	188	(1)
If-Else Statement	189	(1)
Multiway Conditional Statement	189	(1)
Switch Statement	190	(1)
For-Loop Statement	190	(1)
While Statement	191	(1)
Do-While Statement	191	(1)
GOTO Statement	191	(1)
Input and Output	192	(1)
Functions and Program Structure	193	(3)
Pointers, Arrays, Structures, and Unions	196	(5)
Pointers and Addresses	196	(1)
Arrays	197	(1)
Pointers and Arrays	197	(1)
Passing Arrays to a Function	198	(1)
Initializing Arrays	199	(1)
Structures	199	(1)
Unions	200	(1)
Miscellaneous Items	201	(2)
Automatic/External/Static/Volatile	201	(1)
Scope Rules	202	(1)
Introduction to Project Build Process for the Microchip PIC18 Compiler	203	(1)
The MPLINK Linker	204	(5)
A Tutorial on Using the MCC18 Compiler	209	(7)
Creating a New Project	210	(2)
Setting Build Options	212	(1)
Add Source Files to Project	212	(2)
Building the Project	214	(1)
Choosing Debug Tool	214	(1)
Build the Project	214	(1)
Checking the ICD2 Settings	214	(1)
Program the Target Device	215	(1)
Running the Program	215	(1)
C Language Implementation in the MCC18 Compiler	216	(3)
Data Types and Limits	216	(1)
Storage Classes	217	(1)
Storage Qualifiers	218	(1)
Overlay	218	(1)
ANSI/ISO Divergences	219	(2)
Integer Promotions	219	(1)
Numeric Constants	220	(1)
String Constants	220	(1)
Anonymous Structures	221	(1)
Inline Assembly	221	(1)
Bit Field Manipulation in C Language	222	(3)
Processor-Specific Header Files	223	(2)
Processor-Specific Register Definition Files	225	(1)
The #pragma Statement	225	(1)
#pragma Section Type	225	(1)
Mixing C and Assembly	226	(6)
Calling Conventions	226	(2)
Return Values	228	(1)
Calling C Routines from an Assembly Program	228	(1)
Calling Assembly Functions from a C Program	229	(1)
Referencing C Variables in an Assembly Function	230	(1)
Referencing Assembly Variables in a C Function	231	(1)
Startup Code	231	(1)
MPLAB C18 Library Functions	232	(5)
Processor-Specific Libraries	232	(1)
Processor-Independent Library	232	(1)
Character Classification Functions	232	(1)
Data Conversion Library Functions	233	(1)
Memory and String Manipulation Functions	234	(1)
Delay Functions	235	(2)
Using the Hi-Tech C18 Compiler	237	(1)
Summary	238	(1)
Exercises	239	(1)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	240	(3)
Interrupts, Resets, and Configuration	243	(32)
Objectives	243	(1)
Basics of Interrupts	244	(4)
What Is an Interrupt?	244	(1)
Why Interrupts?	245	(1)
Interrupt Maskability	245	(1)
Interrupt Priority	246	(1)
Interrupt Service	246	(1)
Interrupt Vector	246	(1)
Interrupt Programming	247	(1)
Interrupt Overhead	248	(1)
Resets	248	(1)
The PIC18 Interrupts	249	(12)
PIC18 Interrupt Priority	249	(1)
Registers Related to Interrupts	249	(1)
RCON Register	249	(1)
Interrupt Control Registers (Intcon, Intcon2, Intcon3)	250	(3)
PIR1 PIR3 Registers	253	(2)
PIE1 PIE3 Registers	255	(3)
Interrupt Priority Registers (IPR1 IPR3)	258	(3)
PIC18 Interrupt Operation	261	(3)
PIC18 Interrupt without Setting Priority	262	(1)
PIC18 Interrupt with Priority Enabled	262	(1)
INT Pin Interrupts	263	(1)
Port B Pins Input Change	263	(1)
TMRO Overflow Interrupt	263	(1)
Peripheral Interrupts	263	(1)
PIC18 Interrupt Programming	264	(6)
Interrupt Programming in Assembly Language	264	(3)
Interrupt Programming in C Language	267	(2)
Context Saving during Interrupts	269	(1)
The PIC18 Resets	270	(1)
Power-On Reset	271	(1)
Power-Up Timer	271	(1)
Oscillator Start-Up Timer	271	(1)
Brown-Out Reset	271	(1)
The Reset Instruction	271	(1)
Summary	271	(2)
Exercises	273	(1)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	273	(2)
Parallel Ports	275	(58)
Objectives	275	(1)
Introduction	276	(1)
I/O Addressing	277	(1)
I/O Synchronization	277	(4)
Synchronizing the CPU with the Interface Chip	278	(1)
Synchronizing the Interface Chip with I/O Devices	279	(2)
Overview of the PIC18 Parallel Ports	281	(6)
Port A	283	(1)
Port B	284	(1)
Port C	285	(1)
Port D	285	(1)
Port E and Port F	286	(1)
Port G	286	(1)
Port H and Port J	286	(1)
Port K	287	(1)
Interfacing with Simple Output Devices	287	(7)
Interfacing with LEDs	287	(1)
Interfacing with Seven-Segment Displays	288	(5)
Liquid Crystal Display	293	(1)
The HD44780 LCD Controller	294	(18)
Display Data RAM	296	(1)
Character Generator ROM	297	(1)
Character Generator RAM	297	(1)
Registers	297	(1)
Instruction Description	298	(1)
Interfacing the HD44780 to the PIC18 Microcontroller	299	(13)
Interfacing with DIP Switches	312	(1)
Interfacing with a Keypad	313	(9)
Keypad Scanning	313	(1)
Keypad Debouncing	314	(8)
Interfacing with a D/A Converter	322	(4)
The MAX5102 DAC	322	(2)
Interfacing the MAX5102 with the PIC18 Microcontroller	324	(2)
Parallel Slave Port	326	(4)
Summary	330	(1)
Exercises	330	(2)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	332	(1)
Timers and CCP Modules	333	(74)
Objectives	333	(1)
Overview of PIC18 Timer Functions	334	(1)
Timers	334	(15)
Timers0	335	(3)
Timer1	338	(5)
Timer2	343	(2)
Timer3	345	(1)
Timer4	346	(1)
C Library Functions for Timers	347	(2)
Capture/Compare/PWM Modules	349	(2)
CCP Module Configuration	350	(1)
CCP in Capture Mode	351	(10)
Capture Operation	352	(1)
Microchip C Library Functions for CCP in Capture Mode	352	(1)
Applications of Capture Mode	353	(8)
CCP in Compare Mode	361	(12)
Compare Mode Operation	361	(1)
Applications of CCP in Compare Mode	362	(11)
CCP in PWM Mode	373	(12)
PWM C Library Functions	376	(1)
PWM Applications	377	(3)
DC Motor Control	380	(5)
Enhanced CCP Module	385	(16)
ECCP Pins	385	(1)
ECCP Registers	385	(2)
Enhanced PWM Mode	387	(14)
Summary	401	(2)
Exercises	403	(1)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	404	(3)
Addressable Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transceiver	407	(38)
Objectives	407	(1)
Overview of Serial Communication	408	(1)
The EIA232 Standard	408	(10)
Electrical Specifications	409	(1)
EIA232E Functional Specifications	409	(3)
EIA232E Mechanical Specifications	412	(1)
EIA232E Procedural Specifications	413	(3)
Data Format	416	(1)
Data Transmission Errors	417	(1)
Null-Modem Connection	417	(1)
The PIC18 Serial Communication Interface	418	(22)
USART-Related Registers	418	(3)
USART Asynchronous Mode	421	(5)
Flow Control of USART in Asynchronous Mode	426	(1)
C Library Functions for USART	427	(3)
Interface Asynchronous Mode USART with EIA232	430	(2)
USART Synchronous Master Mode	432	(2)
USART Synchronous Slave Mode	434	(1)
Applications of USART Synchronous Mode	434	(6)
Enhanced USART	440	(1)
Summary	441	(1)
Exercises	442	(1)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	443	(2)
Serial Peripheral Interface	445	(58)
Objectives	445	(1)
Introduction	446	(1)
SPI Mode	446	(9)
MSSP Registers	447	(2)
SPI Operation	449	(1)
Configuration of MSSP for SPI Mode	449	(4)
SPI Data Transfer	453	(1)
SPI Circuit Connection	453	(2)
SPI C Library Functions	455	(1)
Applications of SPI	456	(1)
Interfacing with the 74HC595	456	(6)
Operation of the 74HC595	457	(5)
MAX7221 Seven-Segment Display Driver	462	(12)
Signal Pins	462	(1)
MAX7221 Functioning	463	(5)
Choosing the Value for RSET	468	(6)
Digital Temperature Sensor TC72	474	(7)
Functioning of TC72	475	(1)
Temperature Data Format	475	(1)
Serial Bus Interface	476	(2)
Internal Register Structure	478	(3)
The DS1306 Alarm Real-Time Clock	481	(17)
Signal Descriptions	482	(1)
RTC Registers	483	(4)
Serial Interface of DS1306	487	(1)
Power Supply Configurations	488	(1)
Applications	488	(10)
Summary	498	(1)
Exercises	499	(3)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	502	(1)
Interintegrated Circuit Interface	503	(60)
Objectives	503	(1)
The I2C Protocol	504	(11)
Characteristics of I2C Protocol	504	(1)
I2C Signal Levels	504	(1)
I2C Data Transfer Signal Components	505	(2)
Synchronization	507	(1)
Arbitration	508	(1)
Data Transfer Format	509	(1)
7-Bit Addressing	510	(2)
10-Bit Addressing	512	(3)
PIC18 MSSP Module in I2C Mode	515	(1)
Registers for I2C Operation	515	(4)
The SSPCON1 Register	515	(1)
The SSPCON2 Register	516	(2)
The SSPSTAT Register (I2C Mode)	518	(1)
MSSP Address Register	519	(1)
The PIC18 I2C Master Mode	519	(8)
Master Mode Operation	519	(3)
Master Mode Transmit Sequence	522	(1)
Baud Rate Generator	522	(2)
Start Condition Timing	524	(1)
Repeated Start Condition Timing	524	(1)
Master Mode Transmission	525	(1)
Master Mode Reception	526	(1)
Acknowledge Sequence Timing	526	(1)
Stop Condition Timing	527	(1)
PIC18 I2C Slave Mode	527	(4)
Slave Addressing	528	(1)
Reception in Slave Mode	528	(1)
Transmission in Slave Mode	529	(1)
Clock Synchronization and the CKP Bit	529	(1)
General Call Address Support	529	(1)
Clock Stretching	530	(1)
Multimaster Mode	531	(1)
Microchip C18 Library Functions for I2C	532	(2)
Interfacing the Digital Thermometer and Thermostat DS1631A with I2C	534	(14)
Pin Assignment	534	(1)
Functional Description	535	(1)
DS1631A Registers	535	(2)
The DS1631A Operation	537	(1)
DS1631A Command Set	538	(1)
I2C Communication with DS1631A	538	(10)
Interfacing the Serial EEPROM 24LC08B with I2C	548	(11)
Pin Assignment and Block Diagram	548	(1)
Device Addressing	549	(1)
Write Operation	549	(1)
Acknowledge Polling	549	(1)
Read Operation	550	(1)
Circuit Connection between the I2C Master and 24LC08B	551	(6)
C Library Functions for I2C EEPROM	557	(2)
Summary	559	(1)
Exercises	560	(1)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	561	(2)
Analog-to-Digital Converter	563	(44)
Objectives	563	(1)
Basics of A/D Conversion	564	(7)
A Data Acquisition System	564	(1)
Analog Voltage and Digital Code Characterstic	564	(2)
A/D Conversion Algorithms	566	(2)
Optimal Voltage Range for A/D Conversion	568	(1)
Scaling Circuit	569	(1)
Voltage Translation Circuit	569	(2)
The PIC18 A/D Converter	571	(10)
Registers Associated with A/D Converter	571	(6)
A/D Acquisition Requirements	577	(1)
Selecting the A/D Conversion Clock	578	(1)
A/D Conversion Process	579	(1)
Use of the CCP2 Register	580	(1)
Procedure for Performing A/D Conversion	581	(2)
Microchip A/D Converter C Library Functions	583	(5)
Using the Temperature Sensor TC1047A	588	(7)
Using the IH-3606 Humidity Sensor	595	(3)
Measuring Barometric Pressure	598	(3)
Summary	601	(1)
Exercises	602	(2)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	604	(3)
Controller Area Network	607	(82)
Objectives	607	(1)
Overview of Controller Area Network	608	(2)
Layered Approach in CAN	608	(1)
General Characteristics of CAN	608	(2)
CAN Messages	610	(7)
Data Frame	610	(3)
Remote Frame	613	(1)
Error Frame	614	(1)
Overload Frame	614	(1)
Interframe Space	615	(1)
Message Filtering	616	(1)
Message Validation	616	(1)
Bit Stream Encoding	616	(1)
Error Handling	617	(1)
Bit Error	617	(1)
Stuff Error	617	(1)
CRC Error	617	(1)
Form Error	617	(1)
Acknowledgment Error	617	(1)
Error Signaling	617	(1)
Fault Confinement	617	(2)
CAN Node Status	617	(1)
Error Counts	618	(1)
CAN Message Bit Timing	619	(1)
Nominal Bit Time	619	(1)
Length of Time Segments	620	(1)
Synchronization Issue	620	(1)
Resynchronization Jump Width	620	(1)
Phase Error of an Edge	621	(1)
Synchronization Rules	621	(1)
PIC18 CAN Module	621	(1)
CAN Modes of Operation	622	(4)
Configuration Mode	625	(1)
Disable Mode	625	(1)
Normal Mode	626	(1)
Listen-Only Mode	626	(1)
Loopback Mode	626	(1)
Error Recognition Mode	626	(1)
CAN Module Registers	626	(3)
CAN Module Functional Modes	629	(1)
Mode 0---Legacy Mode	629	(1)
Mode 1---Enhanced Legacy Mode	629	(1)
Mode 2---Enhanced FIFO Mode	629	(1)
CAN Message Buffers	630	(12)
Dedicated Transmit Buffers	630	(3)
Dedicated Receive Buffers	633	(1)
Programmable Transmit/Receive Buffers	634	(8)
Programmable Auto RTR Buffers	642	(1)
CAN Message Transmission	642	(2)
Aborting Transmission	644	(1)
Transmit Priority	644	(1)
Message Reception	644	(3)
Receive Modes	645	(1)
Receive Priority	645	(1)
Enhanced FIFO Mode	645	(1)
Time Stamping	646	(1)
Message Acceptance Filters and Masks	647	(5)
Baud Rate Setting and Timing Parameters	652	(3)
Error Detection and Interrupts	655	(7)
Error States	656	(1)
Error Modes and Error Counters	656	(1)
CAN Interrupts	656	(4)
Efficient Handling of CAN Interrupts	660	(2)
CAN Module I/O Control Register	662	(1)
Physical CAN Bus Connection	662	(9)
The MCP2551 CAN Transceiver	663	(3)
Interfacing the MCP2551 to the PIC18F CAN Devices	666	(1)
Setting the CAN Timing Parameters	667	(4)
CAN Programming	671	(14)
Summary	685	(1)
Exercises	686	(1)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	687	(2)
Internal and External Memory Programming and Expansion	689	(52)
Objectives	689	(1)
Overview of the PIC18 Memory System	690	(1)
On-Chip Flash Program Memory	690	(10)
Control Registers of Program Flash Memory	691	(1)
Reading the Flash Program Memory	692	(1)
Erasing Flash Program Memory	692	(1)
Writing to Flash Program Memory	693	(7)
Data EEPROM Memory	700	(2)
EEADR and EEADRH Register	701	(1)
Reading the Data EEPROM Memory	701	(1)
Writing to the Data EEPROM Memory	701	(1)
PIC18 External Memory Interface	702	(15)
PIC18 Program Memory Modes	702	(1)
PIC18 External Memory Pins	703	(1)
Waveforms of Bus Signals	704	(2)
Bus Transactions	706	(2)
Bus Multiplexing	708	(1)
PIC18F8XXX External Memory Functions	708	(4)
16-Bit EMI Operating Modes	712	(4)
Wait States	716	(1)
Issues Related to Adding External Memory	717	(2)
Memory Space Assignment	717	(1)
Address Decoder Design	718	(1)
Timing Verification	718	(1)
Memory Devices	719	(11)
The CY7C1019	719	(4)
The AT28C010 EEPROM	723	(7)
Example of External Memory Expansion for the PIC18 Microcontroller	730	(8)
Memory Space Assignment	730	(1)
Address Latch	730	(3)
Address Decoder Design	733	(1)
PIC18F8680 Timing Parameter Values at 25 MHz	733	(1)
Example PIC18F8680 Demo Board Memory System Diagram	733	(5)
Summary	738	(1)
Exercises	739	(1)
Lab Exercises and Assignments	739	(2)
System Configuration and Protection	741	(22)
Objectives	741	(1)
Introduction	742	(1)
Configuration Registers	742	(14)
The CONFIG1H Register	742	(1)
The CONFIG2L Register	743	(1)
The CONFIG2H Register	744	(1)
The CONFIG3L Register	745	(1)
The CONFIG3H Register	745	(1)
The CONFIG4L Register	746	(1)
The CONFIG5L Register	747	(2)
The CONFIG5H Register	749	(1)
The CONFIG6L Register	749	(2)
The CONFIG6H Register	751	(1)
The CONFIG7L Register	751	(2)
The CONFIG7H Register	753	(1)
The Device ID Registers	753	(1)
Programming the Configuration Bits	754	(2)
Watchdog Timer	756	(1)
Power-Down Mode (Sleep)	757	(1)
Program Code Protection	758	(1)
Program Memory Code Protection	758	(1)
Data EEPROM Code Protection	759	(1)
Configuration Register Protection	759	(1)
ID Locations	759	(1)
ICSP	759	(1)
In-Circuit Debugger	759	(1)
Low Voltage ICSP Programming	760	(1)
Summary	760	(1)
Exercises	760	(3)
Glossary	763	(10)
Index	773