Piper

by Dyer, Lee A.; Palmer, Aparna D. N.

• ISBN13: 9780306484988
• ISBN10: 0306484986
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-11-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

Piper is an economically and ecologically important genus of plant that includes a fascinating array of species for studying natural history, natural products chemistry, community ecology, and evolutionary biology. The diversification of this taxon is unique and of great importance in understanding the evolution of plants. The diversity and ecological relevance of this genus makes it an obvious candidate for ecological and evolutionary studies, but surprisingly, most research on Piper spp. to-date has focused on the more economically important plants P. nigrum (black pepper), P. methysticum (kava), and P. betle (betel leaf). While this book does address the applied techniques of studying Piper , its focus is more on Piper in its natural setting. Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution synthesizes existing data and provides an outline for future investigations of the chemistry, ecology, and evolution of this taxon, while examining its key themes of Piper as a model genus for ecological and evolutionary studies, the important ecological roles of Piper species in lowland wet forests, and the evolution of distinctive Piper attributes. This volume has a place in the libraries of those studying or working in the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, natural products chemistry, invasive species biology, pharmaceutics, and ethnobotany.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1. Introduction	1	(4)
N. Greig
CHAPTER 2. Mutualism, Antiherbivore Defense, and Trophic Cascades: Piper Ant-Plants as a Mesocosm for Experimentation	5	(28)
D.K. Letoumeau
2.1. Introduction	5	(3)
2.2. Study Sites	8	(1)
2.3. Plants	8	(1)
2.4. Herbivores	9	(1)
2.5. Ant Mutualists	10	(1)
2.6. Top Predators	11	(1)
2.7. Other Endophytic Arthropods, Nematodes, and Annelids	12	(1)
2.8. Mutualism Experiments	13	(5)
2.8.1. Evidence for Nutrient Procurement by Pheidole bicornis Plant-Ants	15	(1)
2.8.2. Evidence for Defense against Folivores by Pheidole bicornis Plant-Ants	16	(1)
2.8.3. Evidence for Higher Fitness in Establishing Fragments via Defense against Folivores	17	(1)
2.8.4. Evidence for Additional Plant Fitness Advantages Afforded by Ph. Bicornis Plant-Ants	18	(1)
2.9. Tritrophic Interactions and Antiherbivore Defense	18	(4)
2.10. Trophic Cascades	22	(5)
2.10.1. Experimental Test I: Do Trophic Cascades Operate on the Four Trophic Level System Associated with P. cenocladum Ant-Plants?	23	(1)
2.10.2. Experimental Test II: Can Top-Down and Bottom-Up Forces Affect Animal Diversity in the Endophytic Community of P. Cenocladum Ant-Plants?	24	(2)
2.10.3. Experimental Test III: Can Indirect Effects of Top Predators Extend to Other Plants in the Understory Community of Piper Ant-Plants?	26	(1)
2.11. Conclusions	27	(2)
2.12. Acknowledgments	29	(4)
CHAPTER 3. Pollination Ecology and Resource Partitioning in Neotropical Pipers	33	(25)
Rodolfo Antônio de Figueiredo and Marlies Sazima
3.1. Introduction	33	(1)
3.2. Pollination and Resource Partitioning in Piper	34	(15)
3.2.1. Study Site and Species of the Brazilian Study	35	(1)
3.2.2. Habit and Habitat Utilization	36	(1)
3.2.3. Vegetative Reproduction	37	(1)
3.2.4. Reproductive Phenology	38	(3)
3.2.5. Pollination and Visitors	41	(8)
3.3. Conclusions: Pollination and Resource Partitioning of Pipers in Light of Evolutionary and Conservative Ecology	49	(3)
3.4. Guidelines for Future Research on the Pollination of Pipers	52	(1)
3.5. Acknowledgments	52	(6)
CHAPTER 4. Dispersal Ecology of Neotropical Piper Shrubs and Treelets	58	(20)
Theodore H. Fleming
4.1. Introduction	58	(1)
4.2. The Piper Bats	59	(3)
4.3. Piper Fruiting Phenology and Dispersal Ecology	62	(10)
4.3.1. Fruiting Phenology	62	(2)
4.3.2. Patterns of Seed Dispersal	64	(1)
4.3.3. Fates of Seeds	65	(2)
4.3.4. Postdispersal Distribution Patterns	67	(5)
4.4. Coevolutionary Aspects of Bat-Piper Interactions	72	(2)
4.5. Conclusions	74	(1)
4.6. Acknowledgments	75	(3)
CHAPTER 5. Biogeography of Neotropical Piper	78	(19)
Robert J. Marquis
5.1. Introduction	78	(1)
5.2. Methods	79	(5)
5.3. Results	84	(7)
5.3.1. Biogeographic Affinities and Regional Species Pools	84	(2)
5.3.2. Correlates of Local Species Richness	86	(2)
5.3.3. Variation in Growth Form and Habitat Affinity	88	(3)
5.4. Discussion	91	(3)
5.5. Acknowledgments	94	(3)
CHAPTER 6. Faunal Studies in Model Piper spp. Systems, with a Focus on Spider-Induced Indirect Interactions and Novel Insect Piper Mutualisms	97	(20)
Karin R. Gastreich and Grant L. Gentry
6.1. Introduction	97	(2)
6.2. The Case of Piper obliquum	99	(3)
6.3. The Case of Piper urostachyum	102	(10)
6.3.1. Plant Characteristics that Encourage Mutualism	103	(1)
6.3.2. Resident Arthropods	103	(1)
6.3.2a. Herbivores	103	(2)
6.3.2b. Mutualist predators	105	(1)
6.3.2c. Parasites of the mutualism?	106	(1)
6.3.2d. Top predators	106	(1)
6.3.3. Possible Mutualisms and the Effects of Spiders	107	(5)
6.4. Summary and Conclusions	112	(2)
6.5. Acknowledgments	114	(3)
CHAPTER 7. Isolation, Synthesis, and Evolutionary Ecology of Piper Amides	117	(23)
Lee Dyer, Joe Richards, and Craig Dodson
7.1. Introduction to Piper Chemistry	117	(3)
7.2. Isolation and Quantification of Piper Amides	120	(1)
7.3. Synthesis of Piper Amides and Their Analogs	121	(7)
7.4. Ecology of Piper Chemistry	128	(3)
7.5. Evolution of Piper Chemistry	131	(1)
7.6. Applied Piper Chemistry	132	(1)
7.7. Future Research on Piper Chemistry	133	(1)
7.8. Acknowledgments	134	(6)
CHAPTER 8. Kava (Piper methysticum): Growth in Tissue Culture and In Vitro Production of Kavapyrones	140	(16)
Donald P. Briskin, Hideka Kobayashi, Mary Ann Lila, and Margaret Gawienowski
8.1. Introduction	140	(1)
8.2. Origins of Kava Use and Discovery by Western Cultures	141	(1)
8.3. Description of Kava (Piper methysticum) and Its Growth for Use in Kava Production	141	(1)
8.4. Active Phytochemicals Present in Kava Extracts	142	(1)
8.5. Issues Regarding the Potential Hepatotoxicity of Kava Extracts	143	(1)
8.6. Significance of Tissue Culture Growth in Kava Production and Phytochemical Research	144	(2)
8.7. Establishment of Kava Cell Cultures and the Determination of In Vitro Kavapyrone Production	146	(5)
8.8. Regeneration of Viable Kava Plants from Kava Cell Cultures	151	(1)
8.9. Summary and Perspective	151	(5)
CHAPTER 9. Phylogenetic Patterns, Evolutionary Trends, and the Origin of Ant-Plant Associations in Piper Section Macrostachys: Burger's Hypotheses Revisited	156	(23)
Eric. J. Tepe, Michael A. Vincent, and Linda E. Watson
9.1. Introduction	156	(2)
9.2. Taxonomic History of Piper sect. Macrostachys (MIQ.) C.DC	158	(1)
9.3. Natural History of Piper sect. Macrostachys	159	(3)
9.4. Phylogenetic Relationships in Piper sect. Macrostachys	162	(3)
9.5. Burger's Hypotheses Revisited	165	(3)
9.5.1. Systematic Relationships	165	(2)
9.5.2. Evolutionary Trends	167	(1)
9.6. Ant-Plant Associations in Piper sect. Macrostachys	168	(6)
9.6.1. Origins and Evolutionary Trends	168	(1)
9.6.2. Evolution of the Mutualism	169	(1)
9.6.2a. Obligate associations and hollow stems	169	(3)
9.6.2b. Petiolai domatia and facultative associations	172	(1)
9.6.2c. Pearl Bodies	173	(1)
9.6.2d. Origin of ant-associated plant structures	173	(1)
9.7. Conclusions	174	(1)
Appendix 9.1	174	(5)
CHAPTER 10. Current Perspectives on the Classification and Phylogenetics of the Genus Piper L.	179	(20)
M. Alejandra Jaramillo and Ricardo Callejas
10.1. Introduction	179	(1)
10.2. Classification	180	(1)
10.2.1. Getting Cluttered	180	(1)
10.2.2. Getting Articulated	181	(1)
10.3. Phylogeny	181	(8)
10.3.1. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Piperales: A Test of Piper's Monophyly	181	(2)
10.3.2. Infrageneric Relationships of Piper	183	(1)
10.3.2a. Neotropical Taxa	183	(5)
10.3.2b. South Pacific and Asian taxa	188	(1)
10.4. Evolutionary Aspects	189	(3)
10.4.1. Flower Morphology	189	(2)
10.4.2. Plant Architecture	191	(1)
10.5. Acknowledgments	192	(2)
Appendix 10.1	194	(5)
CHAPTER 11. Future Research in Piper Biology	199	(6)
M. Alejandra Jaramillo and Robert Marquis
11.1. Introduction	199	(1)
11.2. Plant-Animal Interactions	199	(2)
11.3. Abiotic Factors	201	(1)
11.4. Geographical Distribution	201	(1)
11.5. Summary	202	(3)
Index	205