Plastics Design Handbook

by Rosato, Dominick V.; Rosato, Donald V.; Rosato, Marlene G.

• ISBN13: 9780792379805
• ISBN10: 0792379802
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-05-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This reference work provides a simplified and practical approach to designing with plastic materials. It enables the reader to recognize the fundamental considerations necessary when designing products with plastics pertaining to the different processes and different plastics. Intended for both technical and non-technical readers, it encompasses the relation of materials and processes to understanding the art of designing. After introducing the design basics, the book moves on to discuss those factors which influence design. Design features and concepts are then covered, as is how to interpret the plethora of data available. Cost estimation, a key factor of the design process, is investigated in detail before the relative merits of the different types of plastics and processing techniques are presented. It finishes with a look at how the design of individual elements affect the final product design. The information contained will be invaluable to even the most experienced designers and engineers, as well as providing a firm basis for the novice. It provides a complete review of all aspects of the design process from the practical to the theoretical, and the elementary to the advanced.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction	1	(36)
Overview	1	(13)
Generalization Justifiable	14	(1)
Design Definition	15	(3)
Design Technology	16	(1)
Industrial Designer	16	(1)
Human engineering	17	(1)
Engineering Designer	17	(1)
Graphic Designer	17	(1)
Innovative Designer	17	(1)
Material Optimization Designer	18	(1)
Maximum Diametrical Interference Designer	18	(1)
Medical Device Designer	18	(1)
Design Features That Influence Performance	18	(4)
Interrelating Product-Plastic-Process Performance	20	(1)
Advantage and Disadvantage of Plastic	21	(1)
Basics in Designing	22	(1)
Design Approach	23	(1)
Design Feature	24	(1)
Computer Use	25	(6)
Computer-Aided Design	28	(1)
Computer-Aided Design Drafting	29	(1)
Computer-Aided Manufacturing	29	(1)
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing	29	(1)
Computer-Aided Testing	29	(1)
Computer Software Program	30	(1)
Software and database	31	(1)
RAPRA free Internet search engine	31	(1)
Short and Long Term Performance	31	(1)
Predicting Performance	32	(1)
A Changing World	33	(2)
Recreation	33	(1)
Electronic	33	(1)
Packaging	33	(1)
Building and Construction	33	(1)
Health Care	33	(1)
Transportation	34	(1)
Aerospace	34	(1)
Appliance	34	(1)
Success by Design	35	(1)
Responsibility	35	(1)
Responsibility Commensurate with Ability	36	(1)
Ethic	36	(1)
Terminology	36	(1)
Design Influencing Factor	37	(94)
Introduction	37	(1)
Material Behavior	38	(3)
Rheology and Viscoelasticity	38	(1)
Viscoelasticity Behavior	39	(1)
Pseudo-elastic design	40	(1)
Effect of strain rate	40	(1)
Correlating Rheological Parameter	41	(2)
Mechanical Load	43	(2)
Damping	44	(1)
Dynamic Mechanical Behavior	44	(1)
Short-Term Load Behavior	45	(18)
Tensile Stress-Strain	45	(1)
Tensile strength	46	(1)
Area under the curve	47	(1)
Elongation	47	(1)
Yield	47	(1)
Proportional limit	47	(1)
Elastic limit	47	(1)
Modulus of elasticity	47	(3)
Secant modulus	50	(1)
Hysteresis effect	50	(1)
Poison's ratio	50	(2)
Ductility	52	(1)
Brittleness	52	(1)
Crazing	52	(1)
Test rate and property	53	(2)
Viscoelasticity	55	(1)
Flexural Stress-Strain	55	(4)
Compressive Stress-Strain	59	(1)
Shear Stress-Strain	60	(2)
Torsion property	62	(1)
Applying Stress-Strain Data	62	(1)
Long-Term Load Behavior	63	(25)
Viscoelastic Creep	63	(1)
Stress Relaxation	64	(1)
Long-term Viscoelastic Behavior	65	(1)
Creep Property	65	(1)
Basics	65	(1)
Creep modeling	66	(1)
Product performance data	67	(1)
Creep rupture	68	(1)
Overall behavior	69	(1)
Crazing	70	(1)
Stress whitening	70	(1)
Rupture	70	(1)
Apparent creep modulus	71	(1)
Stress relaxation	72	(1)
Intermittent loading	73	(1)
Material and processing	74	(3)
Designing with creep data	77	(2)
Allowable working stress	79	(1)
Isometric and isochronous graph	80	(1)
Deformation or fracture	81	(1)
Creep guideline	81	(1)
Fatigue Property	82	(1)
Introduction	82	(2)
Testing mode	84	(1)
Endurance limit	85	(1)
Heat generation	85	(1)
Fracture mechanic	85	(1)
Reinforced plastic	86	(1)
Designing with fatigue data	87	(1)
High Speed Property	88	(10)
Impact loading	90	(1)
Design feature	91	(1)
Impulse Loading	92	(1)
Puncture Loading	93	(1)
Frictional Loading	94	(2)
Hydrostatic Loading	96	(1)
Erosion Loading	97	(1)
Cavitation erosion	97	(1)
Rain erosion	98	(1)
Thermal Expansion and Contraction	98	(3)
Hysteresis Effect	99	(1)
Energy and Motion Control	100	(1)
Viscoelastic damping	101	(1)
Weathering/Environment	101	(17)
Temperature Review	102	(2)
Stress Cracking and Crazing	104	(2)
Weather Resistance	106	(1)
Sterilization-Irradiation	106	(1)
Harmful Weather Component	107	(1)
Assessing Weathering Effect	107	(1)
Outer Space	108	(1)
Ocean	109	(4)
Time-Dependent Data	113	(1)
Viscoelastic and rate theory	113	(1)
Time dependence	113	(1)
Creep behavior	113	(1)
Linear viscoelasticity	113	(1)
Creep and stress relation	114	(1)
Rate theory	114	(1)
Designing plastic	115	(1)
Molecular Weight and Aging	115	(1)
Arrhenius Plot Theory	115	(1)
Why material age	115	(1)
Rate of aging process	116	(1)
Using the Arrhenius equation to predict performance	116	(1)
Test temperature	117	(1)
Normal oxidative degradation	117	(1)
Cross-linking	117	(1)
Catalytic degradation	117	(1)
Arrhenius plot	117	(1)
Usefulness of thermal evaluation technique	118	(1)
High Temperature	118	(7)
Hypersonic Atmospheric Flight	119	(1)
Hyperenvironment	120	(1)
Thermal protection	120	(1)
Ablation	121	(1)
Chemical Propulsion Exhaust	122	(1)
Cooling technique	122	(1)
Flammability	123	(1)
Smoke	124	(1)
Intumescence coating	124	(1)
Instability Behavior	125	(2)
Shrinkage/Tolerance	125	(1)
Heat Generation	126	(1)
Annealing	126	(1)
Plastic Material and Equipment Variable	127	(1)
Finite Element Analysis	127	(2)
Introduction	127	(1)
Fundamental	128	(1)
Operational Approach	128	(1)
Safety Factors	129	(2)
Uncertainty	130	(1)
Product Design Feature	131	(73)
Introduction	131	(1)
Design Analysis	132	(6)
Overview	132	(1)
Pseudo-Elastic Design Method	132	(1)
Analysis Method	133	(4)
Analysis Requirement	137	(1)
Material Characterstic	137	(1)
Reinforced plastic	137	(1)
Design Concept	138	(20)
Loading Mode	138	(1)
Load	138	(1)
Loading Type	139	(1)
Load-Bearing Product	139	(1)
Multiaxial Stresses and Mohr's Circle	140	(1)
Design Criteria	140	(1)
Geometrical Shape	141	(1)
EI theory	141	(1)
Rib	142	(1)
Rib design	143	(1)
Beam	144	(1)
Beam Bending and Spring Stress	145	(2)
Torsional Beam Spring	147	(1)
Folded Plate	147	(3)
Sandwich Construction	150	(1)
Stiffness	151	(1)
Reinforced Plastic Directional Property	152	(1)
Isotropic material	152	(1)
Anisotropic material	153	(1)
Monocoque Structure	153	(1)
Integral Hinge	153	(2)
Snap Joint	155	(1)
Product Size and Shape	155	(3)
Basic Feature	158	(19)
Tolerance	158	(7)
Shrinkage	165	(5)
Processing and Tolerance/Shrinkage	170	(3)
Cost advantage with tight tolerance	173	(1)
Blowing agent and tolerance	174	(1)
Impact Load	174	(1)
Thermal Stress	174	(1)
Film	174	(1)
Weld Line	175	(1)
Meld Line	176	(1)
External Thread	176	(1)
Coating	176	(1)
Functional Surface and Lettering	177	(1)
Fiber Reinforcement	177	(1)
Process	177	(1)
Prototype	177	(2)
Rapid Prototyping and Tooling	178	(1)
Features Influencing Performance	179	(24)
Residual Stress	179	(1)
Cold Working	180	(1)
Stress Concentration	180	(1)
Injection Molding	181	(1)
Design concept	181	(2)
Sharp corner	183	(1)
Uniform wall thickness	184	(1)
Wall thickness tolerance	184	(1)
Flow pattern	185	(1)
Parting line	185	(1)
Gate size and location	185	(1)
Taper of draft angle	185	(1)
Weld line	185	(2)
Undercut	187	(1)
Blind hole	187	(1)
Boss	187	(1)
Coring	187	(1)
Press fit	188	(1)
Internal plastic thread	189	(1)
Molded-in insert	190	(1)
Screw	191	(1)
Rib	192	(1)
Extrusion	192	(1)
Tolerance	193	(2)
Blow Molding	195	(1)
Hinge	195	(3)
Consolidation	198	(1)
Thermoforming	198	(1)
Tolerance	199	(1)
Rotational Molding	200	(1)
Mold	200	(1)
Cost	201	(1)
Wall thickness/surface	201	(1)
Processing technique	201	(2)
Design Failure Analysis	203	(1)
Designing Plastic Product	204	(92)
Introduction	204	(1)
Book Shelve	204	(4)
Material	205	(1)
Prototype	206	(1)
Testing	206	(1)
Summary	207	(1)
Pipe	208	(1)
RP Pipe	208	(9)
Load Testing	209	(1)
Directional Property	210	(1)
Filament Wound Structure	210	(1)
Stiffness and Strength	211	(1)
Deflection Load	211	(1)
Stiffness and Buckling	212	(1)
Anisotropic Behavior	213	(1)
Stress-Strain Curve	213	(1)
Weep Point	214	(1)
Poisson's Effect	214	(1)
Conservative Approach	215	(2)
Pipe Joint	217	(1)
Bearing	217	(2)
PV Factor	218	(1)
Gear	219	(2)
Load Requirement	219	(1)
Hysteresis Effect	219	(1)
Processing	220	(1)
Gasket and Seal	221	(1)
Grommet and Noise	221	(1)
Electrical/Electronic Product	222	(7)
Property	223	(1)
Insulation	224	(1)
Leakage resistance	224	(1)
Dielectric constant/loss	224	(1)
Dielectric loss	224	(1)
Connector	225	(2)
Insulation	227	(1)
Dielectric break down and mechanical creep	227	(1)
Dielectric break down and S-N analysis	227	(1)
Environment	227	(1)
Different Behavior	228	(1)
Capacitor	228	(1)
Electret	228	(1)
Structural binder	228	(1)
Electro-optic	229	(1)
Summary	229	(1)
Toy and Game	229	(1)
Toys-Electronic	229	(1)
Transparent and Optical Product	229	(8)
Overview	229	(1)
Property, Performance, and Product	230	(1)
Lens	231	(1)
Fresnel Lens	231	(1)
Lenticular	232	(1)
Piping Light	232	(1)
Fiber Optic	233	(1)
Polarized Lighting	233	(1)
Application	234	(1)
Laser Lighting	235	(1)
Color Filter	235	(1)
Processing	235	(1)
Designing	236	(1)
Packaging	237	(5)
Aseptic	237	(1)
Bag-in-Box	237	(1)
Beverage Can	237	(1)
Biological Substance	237	(1)
Blister	237	(1)
Bubble Pack	237	(1)
Clasp	237	(1)
Contour	238	(1)
Dual-Ovenable Tray	238	(1)
Electronic	238	(1)
Film Breathable	238	(1)
Food	238	(1)
Food, Oxygen Scavenger	239	(1)
Grocery Bag	239	(1)
Hot Fill	239	(1)
Loose Fill	239	(1)
Modified-Atmosphere	239	(1)
Peelable Film	239	(1)
Pouch Heat-Sealed, Wrap, and Reusable Container	239	(1)
Retortable Pouch	240	(1)
Shrink Wrap Tunnel	240	(1)
Container Content Misrepresentation	240	(1)
Permeability	240	(1)
Basics	241	(1)
Permeability and barrier resistance	241	(1)
Product	242	(1)
Building	242	(8)
Overview	242	(2)
Application and the Environment	244	(2)
The Architect Approach	246	(1)
House of the Future	246	(2)
Designing a Structure	248	(2)
Chair	250	(3)
Load Requirement	250	(1)
Form and Dimension	251	(1)
Stiffness	251	(1)
Environment	252	(1)
Prototype	253	(1)
Automobile	253	(2)
World's First All-Plastic Car Body	254	(1)
Aircraft	255	(4)
Medical Product	259	(3)
Bioplastic	259	(1)
Bioscience	259	(1)
Surgical Product	260	(1)
Complex Environment	261	(1)
Dental Product	261	(1)
Medical Packaging	262	(1)
Biological and Microbial Degradation	262	(1)
Other Form of Degradation	262	(1)
Dynamic Load Isolator	263	(1)
Filter	264	(2)
Water	264	(1)
Plastic membrane	265	(1)
Gas	266	(1)
Liner	266	(1)
Paper and Plastic	267	(1)
Save the Tree Myth	268	(1)
Developing Idea	268	(1)
Joining and Assembling	269	(5)
Molded-In Insert	269	(1)
Holding with Formed Head	270	(1)
Snap Fit	270	(3)
Welding	273	(1)
Summary	274	(1)
Predicting Performance	274	(1)
Design Verification	274	(1)
Design and Safety	275	(1)
Risk	276	(1)
Acceptable Risk	276	(1)
Perfection	277	(1)
Plastic/Process Interaction	277	(8)
Molding	278	(1)
Injection Molding	278	(1)
Freezing action	278	(1)
Thin to large wall	278	(1)
Melt flow restriction	279	(1)
Residual stress	279	(1)
Gate area	280	(1)
Jetting	280	(1)
Weld line	281	(1)
Venting	281	(1)
Extrusion	281	(1)
Melt flow	282	(1)
Memory	282	(1)
Distortion	282	(1)
Dimension	282	(1)
Thermoforming	283	(1)
Stress	283	(1)
Memory	283	(1)
Orientation	284	(1)
Blow Molding	284	(1)
Complex design	284	(1)
Casting	284	(1)
Law and Regulation	285	(1)
Designing and Legal Matter	286	(5)
Accident Report	286	(1)
Acknowledgment	287	(1)
Chapter 11 Act	287	(1)
Conflict of Interest	287	(1)
Consumer Product Safety Act	287	(1)
Copyright	287	(1)
Defendant	287	(1)
Employee Assignment Invention	287	(1)
Expert Witness	287	(1)
Insurance Risk Retention Act	288	(1)
Invention	288	(1)
Mold Contractional Obligation	288	(1)
Patent	288	(1)
Patentability	288	(1)
Patent Information	288	(1)
Patent Infringement	288	(1)
Patent Pooling with Competitor	289	(1)
Patent Search	289	(1)
Patent Term Extension	289	(1)
Patent Terminology	289	(1)
Plaintiff	289	(1)
Processor Collaborative Venture	289	(1)
Processor Contract	290	(1)
Product Liability Law	290	(1)
Protect Design	290	(1)
Protection Strategy	290	(1)
Quotation	290	(1)
Right-to-Know	290	(1)
Shop-Right	290	(1)
Software and Patent	291	(1)
Tariff	291	(1)
Term	291	(1)
Tort Liability	291	(1)
Trademark	291	(1)
Trade Name	291	(1)
Warranty	291	(1)
Design Detractor and Constrain	291	(1)
Troubleshooting Design Problem/Failure	292	(4)
Troubleshooting Guide	292	(1)
Troubleshooting by Remote Control	292	(1)
Defining the Trouble	293	(1)
Design Failure Theory	293	(1)
Product Failure	293	(1)
Managing Failure	294	(1)
Business and change	294	(1)
Bureaucratic dry rot	295	(1)
Business Failure	295	(1)
Testing and Meaning of Test Data	296	(39)
Introduction	296	(1)
Overall Responsibility	296	(1)
Destructive and Nondestructive Testing	297	(5)
Testing and Classification	299	(1)
Testing and Quality Control	299	(1)
Testing and People	300	(1)
Basic vs. Complex Test	300	(1)
Specification and Standard	300	(2)
Stress Analysis	302	(1)
Flaw Detection	303	(1)
Limitation of Test	304	(1)
Meaning of Data	305	(1)
Physical Property	305	(4)
Specific Gravity/Density	305	(1)
Water Absorption	306	(1)
Water Vapor Transmission	306	(1)
Water Vapor Permeability	307	(1)
Shrinkage	308	(1)
Tolerance	308	(1)
Mechanical Property	309	(10)
Tensile Property	309	(2)
Flexural Property	311	(1)
Compressive Property	311	(1)
Shear Strength	312	(1)
Izod Impact	312	(1)
Tensile Impact	312	(1)
Impact Strength	313	(1)
Hardness	313	(2)
Durometer hardness	315	(1)
Barcol hardness	315	(1)
Brinell hardness	315	(1)
Knoop hardness	315	(1)
Mohs hardness	315	(1)
Rockwell hardness	315	(1)
Scleroscope hardness	316	(1)
Shore hardness	316	(1)
Vicat hardness	316	(1)
Deformation Under Load	316	(1)
Fatigue Strength	316	(1)
Long-Term Stress Relaxation/Creep	316	(2)
Summation	318	(1)
Stiffness	318	(1)
Strength	318	(1)
Toughness	318	(1)
Thermal Property	319	(8)
Deflection Temperature Under Load	319	(2)
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion	321	(1)
Brittleness Temperature	322	(1)
Thermal Aging	323	(1)
Other Heat Test	324	(3)
Electrical Property	327	(1)
Electrical Resistance	327	(1)
Arc Resistance	327	(1)
Dielectric Strength	327	(1)
Dielectric Constant and Dissipation Factor	328	(1)
Optical Property	328	(3)
Haze and Huminous Transmittance	328	(1)
Luminous Reflectance	329	(1)
Opacity and Transparency	330	(1)
Abrasion and Mar Resistance	330	(1)
Weathering	331	(1)
Outdoor Weathering	331	(1)
Accelerated Weathering	331	(1)
Accelerated Exposure to Sunlight	331	(1)
Conditioning Procedure	332	(1)
Harmful Component	332	(1)
Environmental Stress Cracking	332	(1)
Fire	332	(1)
Flammability	332	(1)
Oxygen Index	332	(1)
Analyzing Testing and Quality Control	333	(1)
Statistical Process Control and Quality Control	333	(2)
Plastic Material Formation and Variation	335	(39)
Introduction	335	(5)
Definition	337	(1)
Thermoplastic and Thermoset Plastic	338	(2)
Structure and Morphology	340	(5)
Crystalline and Amorphous Plastic	342	(1)
Liquid Crystalline Polymer	343	(2)
Copolymer	345	(1)
Compounded/Alloyed Plastic	345	(8)
Alloy and Blend	345	(2)
Interpenetrating Network	347	(1)
Reactive Polymer	348	(1)
Grafting	348	(1)
Additive, Filter, and Reinforcement	348	(5)
Reinforced Plastic	353	(6)
Basic Design Theory	357	(1)
Theory of combined action	358	(1)
Property Range	359	(1)
Elastomer	359	(2)
Commodity and Engineering Plastic	361	(2)
Neat Plastic	363	(1)
Structural Foam	363	(4)
Plastics with a Memory	367	(1)
Orientation	368	(1)
Material Variable	368	(1)
Recycling	369	(4)
Recycling Energy Consumption	370	(2)
Design Source Reduction	372	(1)
Recycling Method	372	(1)
Recycling limitation	372	(1)
Reactive extrusion recycling	372	(1)
Web Site Connect Buyer and Seller of Recycled Plastic	373	(1)
Plastic Future and Biotechnology	373	(1)
Material Property	374	(61)
Introduction	374	(1)
Mechanical Property	375	(6)
Toughness	376	(1)
Deformation and Toughness	377	(3)
Stiffness	380	(1)
Strength	380	(1)
Temperature Effect	380	(1)
Other	381	(1)
Electrical Property	381	(10)
Electromagnetic Compatibility	382	(7)
Design Concept	389	(2)
Thermal Property	391	(9)
Residence Time and Recycling	395	(1)
Melt Temperature	395	(1)
Glass-Transition Temperature	395	(1)
Mechanical Property and Tg	396	(1)
Dimensional Stability	397	(1)
Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Insulation	397	(1)
Heat Capacity	397	(1)
Thermal Diffusivity	398	(1)
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion	398	(1)
Thermal Stress	399	(1)
Decomposition Temperature	399	(1)
Aging at Elevated Temperature	399	(1)
Temperature Index	400	(1)
Intumescent Coating	400	(1)
Other	400	(1)
Other Behaviour	400	(12)
Drying Plastic	400	(1)
Moisture Influence	401	(1)
Plastic Memory	401	(1)
Corrosion Resistance	401	(5)
Chemical Resistance	406	(4)
Friction, Wear, and Hardness Property	410	(1)
Plastic-to-Metal Wear	411	(1)
Plastic-to-Plastic Wear	411	(1)
Selecting Plastic	412	(23)
Computerized Database	412	(3)
Electronic marketplace/E-Commerce	415	(1)
RAPRA free internet search engine	416	(1)
Selection Worksheet	416	(1)
Other Guide	417	(1)
Preliminary Consideration	417	(8)
Thermoplastic	425	(1)
Acetal	426	(1)
Acrylic	426	(1)
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene	427	(1)
Cellulosic	427	(1)
Chlorinated polyether	427	(1)
Chlorinated polyethylene	427	(1)
Ethylenevnyl acetate	427	(1)
Expandable polystyrene	427	(1)
Fluoroplastic	427	(1)
Ionomer	427	(1)
Nylon (Polyamide)	427	(1)
Parylene	427	(1)
Phenylene oxide	428	(1)
Polyarylate	428	(1)
Polybutylene	428	(1)
Polycarbonate	428	(1)
Polyester, thermoplastic	428	(1)
Polyetheretherketone	428	(1)
Polyetherimide	428	(1)
Polyethylene	428	(1)
Polyimide	429	(1)
Polyphenylene sulfide	429	(1)
Polypropylene	429	(1)
Polystyrene	429	(1)
Polysulfone	429	(1)
Polyurethane, thermoplastic	429	(1)
Polyvinyl chloride	429	(1)
Styrene-acrylonitrile	429	(1)
Styrene maleic anhydride	430	(1)
Thermoset Plastic	430	(1)
Alkyd	430	(1)
Allyl	430	(1)
Amino (Melamine & Urea)	430	(1)
Diallyl phthlate	430	(1)
Epoxy	430	(1)
Phenolic phenol formaldehydes	430	(1)
Polyester, thermoset	430	(1)
Polyurethane, thermoset	430	(1)
Silicone	431	(1)
Property Category	431	(1)
Elasticity	431	(1)
Odor and taste	431	(1)
Temperature	431	(1)
Flame resistance	431	(1)
Impact	431	(1)
Electric arc resistance	432	(1)
Radiation	432	(1)
Transparency	432	(1)
Applied stress	432	(1)
Color	432	(1)
Moisture	432	(1)
Chemical	433	(1)
Surface wear	433	(1)
Permeability	433	(1)
Electrical	433	(1)
Dimensional stability	433	(1)
Weathering	434	(1)
Plastic Processing	435	(132)
Overview	435	(1)
Influence on Performance	435	(12)
Processing and Material Behavior	442	(1)
Tolerance and Dimensional Control	442	(1)
Shrinkage	442	(1)
Inspection and tolerance	443	(3)
Viscoelasticity	446	(1)
Shear rate	447	(1)
Model/Prototype Building	447	(1)
Processing Behavior	447	(7)
Rheology and Melt Flow	448	(1)
Molecular Weight Distribution and Melt Flow	448	(1)
Melt Flow and Viscosity	449	(1)
Newtonian flow	449	(1)
Non-Newtonian flow	449	(1)
Melt Flow Rate	449	(1)
Melt index test	449	(1)
Melt Flow and Elasticity	450	(1)
Flow Performance	451	(1)
Flow Defect	452	(1)
Nonlaminar flow	452	(1)
Sharkskin	453	(1)
Nonplastication	453	(1)
Volatile	453	(1)
Shrinkage	453	(1)
Melt structure	453	(1)
Thermodynamic	453	(1)
Residence Time	453	(1)
Chemical Change	453	(1)
Trend	454	(1)
Processing And Property	454	(3)
Problem/Solution	454	(1)
Plastic with a Memory	454	(1)
Orientation	454	(3)
Directional Property	457	(1)
FALLO Approach	457	(1)
Tooling	457	(6)
Mold	457	(3)
Die	460	(3)
Basics of Flow	463	(1)
Injection Molding	463	(11)
Thickness of Section and Rib	468	(1)
Designing bucket	468	(1)
Productivity	469	(1)
Modified IM Technique	469	(1)
Coinjection molding	470	(1)
Gas-assist injection molding	471	(1)
Injection-compression molding	472	(1)
Soluble core molding	472	(1)
Over-molding	473	(1)
Extrusion	474	(11)
Modified Extrusion Technique	477	(1)
Coextrusion	477	(4)
Special shape	481	(1)
In-line postforming	481	(1)
Coating	481	(1)
Orientation	481	(4)
Blow Molding	485	(8)
Complex Irregular Shape	489	(2)
Coextrusion or Coinjection	491	(1)
Collapsibility Container	492	(1)
EBM and IBM Comparison	492	(1)
Blow Molding-Compression-Stretched	492	(1)
Thermoforming	493	(3)
Temperature Control	495	(1)
Thermoforming Thermoset Plastic	496	(1)
Thermoforming vs. Injection Molding	496	(1)
Foaming	496	(7)
Blowing Agent	499	(1)
Formation and Curing of Rigid Polyurethane Foam	499	(1)
Expandable Polystyrene	500	(1)
Syntactic Foam	500	(1)
Static and dynamic property	501	(1)
Cushioning Design	502	(1)
Density effect	502	(1)
Creep resistance	502	(1)
Foam Reservoir Molding	503	(1)
Reinforced Plastic	503	(20)
RP Characterization	504	(1)
RP Directional Property	504	(1)
Orientation of reinforcement	504	(4)
Hetergeneous/homogeneous/anisotropic	508	(1)
Advanced Reinforced Plastic	509	(1)
Micromechanic	509	(1)
Material	509	(1)
Flexible RP	510	(1)
Preimpregnation	510	(1)
Bulk molding compound	510	(1)
Sheet molding compound	510	(1)
Surfacing reinforced mat	511	(1)
Gel coat	511	(1)
RP Cost	511	(1)
Process	512	(1)
Autoclave molding	512	(1)
Bag molding	512	(1)
Bag molding Hinterspritzen	512	(1)
Contact molding	512	(2)
Hand lay-up	514	(1)
Boat	514	(1)
Untraditional hull design	514	(1)
Filament winding	515	(2)
Injection molding	517	(1)
Lost-wax	517	(1)
Marco process	517	(1)
Pressure bag molding	517	(1)
Pultrusion	517	(1)
Resin transfer molding	517	(5)
SCRIMP process	522	(1)
Spray-up	522	(1)
Stamping	522	(1)
Vacuum bag molding	523	(1)
RP Future	523	(1)
Calendering	523	(4)
Compounding Material	526	(1)
Coating	526	(1)
Calendering or Extrusion	526	(1)
Compression and Transfer Molding	527	(1)
Reaction Injection Molding	528	(1)
Liquid Injection Molding	528	(1)
Rotational Molding	528	(1)
Encapsulation	529	(1)
Casting	529	(1)
Powder Coating	530	(1)
Vinyl Dispersion	530	(1)
Process Control	530	(3)
Processing Window	533	(1)
Auxiliary Equipment	533	(1)
Secondary Equipment	534	(3)
Machining and Prototyping	535	(1)
Drilling and Reaming	535	(2)
Thread Tapping	537	(1)
Sawing, Milling, Turning, Grinding, and Routing	537	(1)
Finishing and Decorating	537	(9)
In-Mold Decoration	538	(1)
Painting	538	(7)
Vacuum Metallizing and Sputter Plating	545	(1)
Electroplating	545	(1)
Flame Spray/Arc Spray	545	(1)
Hot Stamping	545	(1)
Sublimation Printing	545	(1)
Printing	546	(1)
Decal and Label	546	(1)
Surface Treatment	546	(1)
Joining And Assembly	546	(1)
Troubleshooting	546	(1)
Safety And Processing	547	(4)
Equipment/Processing Variable	551	(1)
Combining Variable	552	(1)
Selecting Process	552	(15)
Shape	553	(2)
Size	555	(1)
Thickness tolerance	555	(3)
Surface Finish	558	(2)
Cost	560	(3)
Summary: Matching Process and Plastic	563	(4)
Cost Estimating	567	(13)
Introduction	567	(4)
Effective Control	571	(1)
Technical Cost Modeling	571	(2)
Mold/Die Cost	573	(1)
Cost Analysis Method	573	(2)
Cost-Benefit Analysis	573	(1)
Direct and Indirect Cost	573	(1)
Cost Effectiveness	574	(1)
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis	574	(1)
Cost Estimating	574	(1)
Cost Estimating Factor	574	(1)
Cost Reduction	574	(1)
Cost Target	575	(1)
Variable Cost	575	(1)
Energy Cost	575	(1)
Product Cost	575	(1)
Designing Product	575	(1)
Energy	576	(1)
Solid Waste	577	(1)
Competition	577	(2)
Quotation	579	(1)
Market	579	(1)
Summary	580	(83)
Overview	580	(1)
Design Success	580	(8)
Challenge	586	(1)
Challenge Requires Creativity	587	(1)
Value Added/Analysis	587	(1)
Plastic Industry Size	588	(1)
Fabricating Employment	589	(1)
Future	589	(4)
Research and Development	589	(1)
Theoretical vs. Actual Value	589	(2)
Design Demand	591	(2)
Appendix
A. Plastics Design Toolbox	593	(37)
1. Plastics Databases, Electronic	593	(6)
2. Hard-Copy Data Sources	599	(3)
3. Process Simulation Software	602	(8)
4. Plastics Design Books	610	(6)
5. Design Education	616	(3)
6. Trade Publications	619	(2)
7. Trade Associations	621	(1)
8. Industry Conferences	622	(1)
9. Key Related Websites	623	(1)
10. Key Corporate Websites	624	(6)
B. Terminology	630	(18)
C. Abbreviation	648	(8)
D. Conversion	656	(6)
E. Mathematical Symbol and Abbreviation	662	(1)
References	663	(8)
Index	671