Play, Development and Early Education

by Johnson, James E.; Christie, James; Wardle, Francis

• ISBN13: 9780205394791
• ISBN10: 0205394795
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-10-12
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Helps teachers and soon-to-be teachers learn how play as a form of communication can be adapted to the classroom.Play, Development, and Early Education,challenges the reader to discover what play is and how to incorporate it into a curriculum for children from toddlerhood through the primary grades. Utilizing three major ideasthe quality of play in early childhood, play as a means of self-expression, and play as a channel of communication to achieving social sensethe authors examine the beliefs, perspectives, and theories relating to play and what effects culture, media and technology have on play. In addition, the text addresses the role of parents in supporting and elaborating play, the direct connections between research and play practice, and the value of play in relation to the total development (cognitive, affective, emotional, social, and physical) of all children.Play, Early childhood, child development.Appropriate for teachers and other professionals that work with children from toddler through primary grades. Also appropriate for those studying to work in the field of early childhood education.

Table of Contents

Foreword: Play as a Fantasy of Emergency	xiii
Brian Sutton-Smith
Preface	xvii
Part I The Importance of Play
Beliefs About Play	1	(31)
Introduction	1	(1)
Focus Questions	2	(1)
History and Images of Children and Play	2	(4)
Ancient and Traditional Times	2	(2)
Modern Times	4	(1)
Postmodern Views	5	(1)
Multiple Perspectives on Play	6	(5)
Children's View of Play	6	(3)
Parents' View of Play	9	(1)
Early Childhood Teachers' View of Play	10	(1)
Administrators' View of Play	10	(1)
Defining Play	11	(9)
Essence of Play	11	(2)
Functions of Play	13	(1)
Characteristics of Play	14	(3)
Play Framing	17	(1)
Play-Related Behaviors	17	(1)
Exploration	17	(1)
Imitation	18	(1)
On-Task Behaviors	19	(1)
Current Issues and Trends	20	(11)
Brain Research	20	(1)
Outdoor Play	21	(1)
Organized Sports	22	(1)
Obesity	23	(2)
Play and Bullying	25	(1)
Technology	26	(1)
Globalization	27	(3)
Longer School Days	30	(1)
Summary	31	(1)
Questions and Projects	31	(1)
Theories of Play	32	(23)
Introduction	32	(1)
Focus Questions	33	(1)
Classical Theories	33	(4)
Surplus-Energy Theory	34	(1)
Recreation Theory	34	(1)
Recapitulation Theory	35	(1)
Practice Theory	36	(1)
Connections with Modern Theories of Play	36	(1)
Modern Theories	37	(9)
Psychodynamic Theories	37	(1)
Social Learning Theory	38	(1)
Cognitive Theories	39	(1)
Piaget	40	(1)
Vygotsky	41	(1)
Bruner	42	(1)
Neurobiological Perspective	43	(1)
Sutton-Smith's Theories of Play	44	(2)
Postmodern Theories	46	(5)
Sociocultural Perspectives	47	(1)
Critical Educational Theory	48	(1)
Chaos Theory	49	(2)
Implications for Teachers	51	(2)
Summary	53	(1)
Projects and Activities	54	(1)
Part II Play and Development
Play Development and Assessment: Birth to Eight Years	55	(30)
Introduction	55	(1)
Focus Questions	56	(1)
Play Development	56	(2)
How Play Develops	57	(1)
Contexts of Play Development	58	(1)
Development of Motor Play	58	(3)
Physical and Manipulative Play	58	(1)
Locomotor Play	59	(1)
Rough-and-Tumble Play	59	(2)
Development of Object Play	61	(4)
Object Manipulation and Exploratory Play	61	(1)
Constructive Play	62	(1)
Play with Blocks	63	(1)
Play with Computers	64	(1)
Development of Symbolic Play	65	(2)
Pretend Actions and Objects	65	(1)
Role Enactments and Themes	66	(1)
Development of Social Play	67	(7)
Children's Individual Progression in Social Play	68	(2)
Group Dynamics	70	(1)
Peer Culture	71	(1)
Entry Skills and Play Transitions	72	(1)
Social Competence	73	(1)
Play Development From Age Six to Eight Years	74	(1)
Play Assessment	75	(8)
Observation Methods	75	(1)
Narrative Accounts	76	(2)
Technology for Recording Play	78	(1)
Checklists	78	(4)
Play Documentation	82	(1)
Summary	83	(1)
Projects and Activities	84	(1)
Diversity and Individual Differences in Play	85	(41)
Introduction	85	(2)
Focus Questions	87	(1)
Gender Differences	87	(20)
Physical Play	88	(1)
Use of Space	89	(1)
Rough-and-Tumble Play	89	(1)
Real Aggression	89	(1)
Transition to Middle Childhood	90	(1)
Social Play	90	(1)
Play Affiliation	90	(3)
Communication and Interaction Styles	93	(1)
Team or Group Activities	94	(1)
Object Play	95	(1)
Toy Preferences	95	(1)
Gender Asymmetry	95	(1)
Pretend Play	96	(1)
Object Transformations	96	(1)
Role Enactment and Play Themes	97	(2)
Imaginary Companions	99	(2)
Environmental Influences	101	(1)
Parental Influences	101	(2)
Peer Influences	103	(1)
Teacher Influences	104	(1)
Recommended Adult Roles and Behaviors	105	(2)
Personality and Play	107	(13)
Object-versus-People Orientation	108	(1)
Cognitive Style	109	(1)
Playfulness	110	(2)
Fantasy-Making Predisposition	112	(1)
Imaginative Play Styles	113	(1)
Psychological Adjustment and Depression	114	(2)
Environmental Factors and Personality	116	(2)
Recommendations for Adult Roles and Behaviors	118	(2)
Race, Ethnicity, and Play	120	(3)
Racial and Ethnic Differences	120	(2)
African-American Children	122	(1)
High- and Low-Context Communication	123	(1)
Summary	123	(1)
Projects and Activities	124	(2)
Play's Role in Development	126	(29)
Introduction	126	(1)
Focus Questions	127	(1)
Play and Development: Basic Observations	127	(2)
Brain Development and Play	129	(2)
Cultural Learning and Play	131	(3)
Cognitive Dimension	134	(4)
Conceptual Development	134	(1)
Thinking and Problem Solving	134	(1)
Divergent Thinking	135	(2)
Theory of Mind	137	(1)
Language and Literacy Dimension	138	(5)
Social Dimension	143	(4)
Emotional Domain	147	(6)
Affect Regulation	147	(2)
Coping and Resilience	149	(4)
Summary	153	(1)
Projects and Activities	154	(1)
Play Contexts: Physical Environment, Social Ecology, and Culture	155	(41)
Introduction	155	(1)
Focus Questions	156	(1)
Cultural-Contextual Approaches to Play	156	(5)
Meaning of Context	157	(2)
Guidelines for Study of Play in Context	159	(1)
General Model for Play-Environment Relationships	160	(1)
Physical Environment	161	(20)
Geography and Climate	162	(1)
Neighborhoods and Communities	163	(2)
Space: General Considerations	165	(3)
Space and Indoor Designs in Schools	168	(1)
Spaces for Children to Play	169	(1)
Setting up Environments for Play	170	(1)
Learning Centers	171	(2)
Arranging Space	173	(8)
Social Ecology and Play	181	(4)
Family Dynamics	182	(1)
Parental Influences	183	(1)
Sibling Influences	184	(1)
Play and Culture	185	(7)
Culture and Play	187	(1)
Animals Do It	187	(1)
Are Cultures So Different?	188	(1)
Is Play Universal or Cultural?	188	(1)
Cultural Influences on Play	189	(3)
Educational Applications	192	(2)
Parental Input	192	(1)
Curriculum Adaptations	193	(1)
Summary	194	(1)
Projects and Activities	195	(1)
Part III Play and Education
Educational Play	196	(30)
Introduction	196	(2)
Focus Questions	198	(1)
The Value of Educational Play	199	(8)
Advantages of Educational Play	199	(1)
Positive Affect	200	(1)
Free Choice	200	(1)
Nonliterality	201	(1)
Means-over-Ends Orientation	201	(1)
Making Learning Meaningful	201	(1)
Balancing the School Day	202	(1)
Potential Disadvantages of Educational Play	203	(1)
Progress Is Difficult to Document	203	(1)
Some Children Avoid Hard Work	204	(1)
Play Takes Too Much Time	204	(1)
Teachers Are Unprepared to Use Play	204	(2)
Play Creates Conflict with Parents	206	(1)
Considering the Pros and Cons	206	(1)
Types of Educational Play	207	(18)
Academically Enriched Play Centers	207	(4)
Games	211	(3)
Simulations	214	(2)
Playground Activities	216	(1)
Science	216	(2)
Math	218	(1)
Literacy	219	(1)
Barriers to Educational Play	220	(1)
Preschool Barriers	221	(1)
Kindergarten Barriers	222	(1)
Primary Grade Barriers	222	(1)
Overcoming Barriers	223	(2)
Summary	225	(1)
Projects and Activities	225	(1)
Enriching Classroom Play: Materials and Curriculum	226	(34)
Introduction	226	(1)
Focus Questions	227	(1)
Relationship Between Play Materials and Development	228	(1)
Characteristics of Play Materials	228	(7)
Open and Closed Materials	229	(1)
Simple and Complex Units	230	(3)
Soft and Hard Materials	233	(1)
Multicultural Materials	233	(2)
Types of Play Materials	235	(10)
Replica Toys	235	(1)
Animate Toys	235	(1)
Transportation Toys	236	(1)
Dramatic Play Props	236	(1)
Educational Toys	236	(1)
Construction Toys	237	(1)
Unit Blocks	237	(1)
Table Blocks	238	(1)
Large Hollow Blocks	238	(1)
Foam Blocks and Plastic Crates	238	(1)
Reusable Materials	239	(3)
Gross Motor Toys	242	(1)
Games	242	(1)
Real Materials	243	(1)
Sand, Water, and Mud	243	(1)
Art Materials	243	(1)
Literacy Materials	244	(1)
Woodworking Materials	244	(1)
Selecting Play Materials	245	(5)
General Guidelines	246	(2)
Materials for Different Ages	248	(1)
Infants (Birth to Twelve Months Old)	249	(1)
Toddlers (One to Three Years Old)	249	(1)
Preschoolers	249	(1)
School Age (Kindergarten to Third Grade)	249	(1)
Play and Curriculum	250	(8)
Play-Curriculum Relationships	250	(1)
Role in Early Childhood Programs	251	(1)
Montessori	252	(1)
Reggio Emilia	253	(1)
Waldorf	253	(1)
The Project Approach	254	(1)
High/Scope	255	(1)
Bank Street	256	(2)
Summary	258	(1)
Projects and Activities	259	(1)
Enriching Classroom Play: Teaching Strategies and Facilitation Techniques	260	(25)
Introduction	260	(1)
Focus Questions	261	(1)
Providing Adequate Time for Play	261	(2)
Preparatory Experiences	263	(1)
Teacher Involvement in Play	264	(13)
Research	266	(1)
Play Training	266	(2)
Teacher Involvement in Play	268	(2)
Facilitative Roles	270	(1)
Onlooker	270	(1)
Stage Manager	271	(1)
Coplayer	272	(1)
Play Leader	273	(1)
Precarious Roles	274	(1)
Uninvolved	274	(1)
Director	275	(1)
Redirector	275	(1)
Flexibility	276	(1)
Linking Play with Instruction	277	(7)
Making Connections	277	(2)
Guided Play	279	(1)
Before-During-After Strategy	279	(2)
Play-Debrief-Replay	281	(1)
Paley's Story Play	282	(2)
Summary	284	(1)
Projects and Activities	284	(1)
Play for Children with Special Needs and Circumstances	285	(36)
Introduction	285	(1)
Focus Questions	286	(1)
Play and Special Education	286	(25)
Value of Play for Children with Disabilities	288	(1)
Barriers to Providing Play Opportunities in Special Education	289	(1)
Bias towards Direct Instruction	289	(2)
Preparation of Early Childhood Teachers	291	(1)
Effects of Disabilities on Play	292	(1)
Deafness and Hearing Impairments	292	(1)
Orthopedic Impairments	292	(1)
Health Impairments	293	(1)
Visual Impairments	294	(1)
Autism	294	(1)
Mental Retardation	295	(1)
Social-Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities	295	(1)
Twice Exceptional Children	295	(1)
Adaptive Equipment and Environments	296	(1)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	297	(1)
Children with Visual Challenges	297	(1)
Children with Hearing Challenges	297	(1)
Children with Physical Challenges	297	(2)
Outdoor Play	299	(1)
Play as a Context for Teaching	300	(1)
Physical Space and Materials	300	(1)
Social Aspects	301	(1)
Children's Preferences	302	(1)
Structuring Routines	302	(1)
Structured Play Activities	303	(1)
Families and Programs for Children with Disabilities	303	(1)
The Role of Parents in Early Intervention Programs	304	(1)
Play within the Family	304	(2)
Play Groups	306	(2)
Play and Assessment	308	(1)
Play-Based Assessment	308	(1)
Transdisciplinary Play-Based Assessment	309	(2)
Play Therapy	311	(6)
Sandplay Therapy	312	(2)
Group Play Therapy	314	(1)
Filial Therapy	315	(1)
Early Childhood Teachers and Play Therapy	316	(1)
Child Life Programs	317	(2)
Summary	319	(1)
Projects and Activities	320	(1)
Popular Culture, Media, and Technology (With Hey-Jun Ahn)	321	(39)
Introduction	321	(1)
Focus Questions	322	(1)
Popular Culture	323	(18)
Family Life and Public Places	325	(1)
Childcare	326	(1)
Places of Worship	327	(1)
Children's Museums	328	(2)
Libraries	330	(1)
Nature Centers and the Outdoors	331	(2)
Schools	333	(2)
Terror, Violence, and Disasters	335	(2)
Commercialism	337	(1)
Pay-for-Play and Other Organized Activities	338	(1)
Toy Marketing	338	(3)
Play and the Media	341	(8)
Television	342	(1)
Negative Effects	342	(3)
Positive Effects	345	(2)
Other Forms of Electronic Media	347	(2)
Technology	349	(8)
Computers	349	(3)
Software Quality	352	(1)
Playing with Computers	353	(1)
Video Games	354	(1)
Computer Games	355	(1)
Computer Toys	356	(1)
Summary	357	(2)
Projects and Activities	359	(1)
Outdoor Play	360	(35)
Introduction	360	(1)
Focus Questions	360	(1)
History of Playgrounds	361	(6)
Parallel Historical Movements	362	(1)
Kindergarten Playgrounds	362	(1)
Nursery School Playgrounds	363	(1)
Park Playgrounds and School Playgrounds	363	(1)
Eras of Playground Equipment	364	(1)
Manufactured Apparatus (1910--1950)	364	(1)
Novelty Era (1950--1960s)	364	(1)
Modular Equipment (1970s--1990s)	364	(1)
Modern Era: Safety and Accessibility	365	(2)
Cultural Issues	367	(1)
Purpose of Outdoor Play	367	(3)
Physical Exercise	368	(1)
Enjoyment of the Outdoors	368	(1)
Learning about the World	368	(1)
Learning about Self and Environment	369	(1)
The Surplus-Energy Theory	369	(1)
Health	369	(1)
Allowing Children to Be Children	370	(1)
Different Kinds of Playgrounds	370	(5)
Traditional Playgrounds	370	(1)
Creative Playgrounds	371	(1)
Adventure Playgrounds	372	(1)
Modern Playgrounds	373	(2)
Playground Design	375	(4)
Criteria for Play	375	(1)
Encouraging Different Kinds of Play	376	(1)
Physical Play	376	(1)
Constructive Play	376	(1)
Social Play	377	(1)
Sociodramatic Play	377	(1)
Games with Rules	377	(1)
The Playground in Relationship to the Main Building	378	(1)
Going beyond the Playground	379	(1)
Age-Specific Playgrounds	379	(3)
Infant/Toddler Playgrounds	380	(1)
Preschool Playgrounds	380	(1)
School-Age Playgrounds	381	(1)
Safety	382	(5)
Distribution and Placement of Equipment	382	(1)
Size of Playground	383	(1)
Ease of Supervision	384	(1)
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Guidelines	384	(1)
International Safety Guidelines	385	(1)
Maintenance	386	(1)
Ada Accessibility	387	(1)
The Role of the Teacher in the Playground	388	(1)
Infant/Toddler Playground	388	(1)
Preschool Playground	388	(1)
Supervision	388	(1)
Observation	388	(1)
Indirect Strategies	389	(1)
Direct Strategies	389	(1)
School-Age Playground	389	(1)
Outdoor Play Advocacy	389	(4)
International Association for the Child's Right to Play	390	(2)
People C.A.R.E.	392	(1)
Jim Greenman	393	(1)
Summary	393	(1)
Projects and Activities	394	(1)
References	395	(20)
Name Index	415	(6)
Subject Index	421