Designed for administrators at all levels, this book presents proven strategies to prevent police corruption and to maintain an ethical culture in policing. Written by a leading international authority, this text describes diverse types of police misconduct, as well as their impact. It establishes ethical principles that police should follow, provides ways to identify misconduct, and discusses various strategies for managing integrity, including alternative strategies for dealing with misconduct. Bringing together four decades of research and work in the field,the author also addresses such key topics as ethical leadership, independent external oversight bodies, and early warning systems.

Series Preface	p. xiii
Foreword	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
About the Author	p. xxi
The Misconduct Problem in Policing	p. 1
Historical Background	p. 1
Major Judicial Inquiries and Associated Corruption Cases	p. 3
Academic Research	p. 7
Notorious Cases	p. 8
The Irish Miscarriages of Justice Cases	p. 9
Ruby Ridge	p. 9
Abner Louima	p. 10
The Dutroux Affair	p. 10
Police Death Squads	p. 10
"Mafia Cops"	p. 11
The Problem of Ambiguity	p. 11
Conclusion	p. 13
Understanding Police Misconduct	p. 15
Categorizing Police Misconduct	p. 15
Impacts	p. 17
Causes of Police Misconduct	p. 20
Structure	p. 20
Culture	p. 23
Conclusion	p. 25
Setting Standards	p. 27
The Importance of Police Ethics	p. 27
Police Powers	p. 28
Police Legitimacy	p. 29
Police Legitimacy and Ethical Policing in Unequal or Nondemocratic Societies	p. 30
Constabulary Independence and the Separation of Powers	p. 33
The Role of Codes of Ethics	p. 33
Discretion	p. 34
Due Process, Including Deception and Entrapment	p. 35
Torture	p. 36
Graft	p. 38
Loyalty and Whistle-Blowing	p. 38
Gratuities	p. 40
Confidentiality	p. 41
Force	p. 41
Cooperation Between Policing Agencies	p. 43
Custody Requirements	p. 44
Striking and Moonlighting	p. 44
Personal Conduct	p. 45
Conclusion	p. 45
Measuring Misconduct and Integrity	p. 47
Inquiries	p. 48
The Press	p. 49
Citizen Action Groups and Integrated Methods	p. 49
Complaints and Discipline Data	p. 50
Surveys and Interviews	p. 54
Defendant Surveys	p. 54
Public Confidence Surveys	p. 56
Police Surveys	p. 57
Police Ethical Climate Surveys	p. 58
Legal Professionals	p. 60
Litigation	p. 60
Incident Data	p. 61
System Audits	p. 61
Integrity System Assessments	p. 62
Conclusion	p. 63
Recruitment and Training	p. 65
Background	p. 65
Promotional Material	p. 67
Criminal History Checks	p. 67
Referees	p. 68
Panel Interviews	p. 68
Personality and Psychological Testing	p. 69
A Recruitment Integrity Committee	p. 70
Nondiscriminatory Recruitment, Affirmative Action, and Women Police	p. 70
Polygraph Testing	p. 72
Illicit-Drug Testing	p. 72
Home Visits	p. 73
Intelligence Checks on Associates	p. 73
Character Checking in Recruit Training and Probationary Programs	p. 73
Higher Recruitment Age	p. 74
Personal Financial Checking	p. 74
Recruit Training and Education in Ethics	p. 74
Higher Educational Standards	p. 76
In-Service Training and Education	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 78
An Advanced Complaints and Discipline System	p. 79
Background	p. 80
Complaints and Discipline	p. 81
Key Elements of an Advanced Complaints and Discipline System	p. 83
Discipline System	p. 83
A Professional Standards Unit	p. 83
Mandatory Police Reporting and Whistle-Blower Protection and Support	p. 84
Reception	p. 85
Case Assessment and Allocation	p. 86
Quality Investigations	p. 87
Final Outcomes	p. 90
Inquisitorial Methods and Administrative Authority	p. 91
Officer Rights	p. 93
A Disciplinary Matrix	p. 93
Alternative Responses	p. 94
Advanced Techniques	p. 94
Responding to Vexatious Complaints	p. 94
Quality Control	p. 95
Conclusion	p. 96
Alternative Dispute Resolution	p. 97
The ADR Movement	p. 97
ADR for Complaints Against Police	p. 99
Mediation	p. 99
Informal Resolution	p. 100
Managerial Resolution	p. 101
Evaluations of ADR for Complaints Against Police	p. 101
Quality Control, Intelligence, and Behavioral Change	p. 108
Conclusion	p. 112
System Controls and Risk Management	p. 113
Background	p. 113
Strategic Intelligence	p. 114
Complaints	p. 115
Principles of Complaint Profiling and Early Intervention	p. 119
Individual Profiling: Some Case Studies	p. 121
The Victoria Police Early Intervention System	p. 123
Early Intervention: Unit Profiles	p. 124
Broader Risk Management and Threat Assessments	p. 126
High-Speed Pursuits	p. 127
Data Access Controls and Data Trails	p. 127
Informant Management	p. 128
Due Process in Investigations and Prosecutions	p. 128
Corruption Hazards and Rotation of Personnel	p. 130
Miscellaneous Areas of High Risk	p. 130
Raids	p. 130
Public Order Policing	p. 131
Theft of Property	p. 131
Intelligence Gathering for Investigations and Covert Operations	p. 131
Maintaining Momentum and Maximizing Yields	p. 132
Conclusion	p. 133
Advanced Techniques	p. 135
Background	p. 135
Integrity Testing	p. 136
Targeted and Random Tests	p. 137
Legal and Ethical Issues	p. 139
Associated Issues	p. 141
Drug and Alcohol Testing	p. 141
Covert Surveillance	p. 143
Undercover Agents	p. 145
Financial Audits and Indirect Incapacitation Strategies	p. 148
Witness Protection Programs	p. 149
Conclusion	p. 150
External Oversight	p. 153
Background	p. 153
Stakeholder Perspectives	p. 154
Inquiries	p. 154
Oversight Agencies	p. 157
Complainants	p. 158
Police Perspectives	p. 160
Public Opinion	p. 161
Civil Liberties Groups	p. 162
Government Reviews	p. 163
The Performance of External Agencies	p. 164
A Model Oversight System	p. 170
Conclusion	p. 172
Leadership for Integrity	p. 175
Background	p. 175
Types of Leadership	p. 177
Assessing the Impacts of Ethical Leadership	p. 178
Overcoming the Internal Cultural Divide	p. 182
Ethical Leadership and Integrity Mechanisms	p. 183
Selection and Education of Ethical Leaders	p. 184
Ethical Leadership and the Compstat Model	p. 185
Police Union Leaders	p. 186
Conclusion	p. 188
References	p. 189
Index	p. 205
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