Police Operations : Theory and Practice

by Hess,Kären M.

• ISBN13: 9780534632229
• ISBN10: 053463222X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-26
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This introductory text covers all major areas of police operations with a focus on community-oriented and problem-oriented policing, which reflects the current direction of progressive police departments. Providing a comprehensive presentation of police operations, the authors incorporate the latest research on patrol techniques, cultural diversity, and changes in police administration policy. The text goes beyond the traditional focus on the patrol function of policing, but is still geared towards the student pursuing a career in law enforcement. Known for solid coverage of basic policing principles and practices, this text is one of the few texts in this market intended purely for the police operations course, and not for a combination of introduction to law enforcement and police operations courses. Wrobleski brings a practical and professional knowledge with a practitioner's point of view, while Hess brings her experience of over 25 years of developing instructional products.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
SECTION I THE BASICS BEHIND EFFECTIVE POLICE OPERATIONS	1	(96)
Police Operations in Context	3	(20)
Introduction	3	(1)
Changes Affecting Police Operations	4	(9)
A Changing Public and Society	4	(1)
A Changing Law Enforcement Officer	5	(2)
A Changing Police Bureaucracy	7	(2)
A Change in Community Involvement: Community Policing	9	(4)
Mission and Values	13	(1)
Goals, Objectives and Tasks	14	(4)
Policies	15	(1)
Procedures	16	(1)
Policies and Procedures Manuals	16	(1)
Regulations	16	(1)
A Final Note and Caution	16	(2)
Discretion	18	(2)
Problems with Officer Discretion	18	(1)
Limits on Discretion	19	(1)
Discretion and Critical-Thinking Skills	19	(1)
Summary	20	(3)
Communication: The Foundation of Police Operations	23	(38)
Introduction	23	(1)
Lines of Communication within an Agency	24	(1)
Technological Advances in Communication	24	(3)
Problems in Using Radios and Cell Phones to Communicate	27	(3)
Communication Security	27	(1)
Interference on the Line	28	(1)
Lack of Interoperability	29	(1)
Problems in Communicating One-on-One	30	(7)
Communicating with the Elderly	30	(1)
Communicating with Non-English-Speaking Immigrants	31	(1)
Communicating with Those from a Different Culture	32	(1)
Communicating with Individuals with Disabilities or Conditions Affecting Speech	32	(1)
Communicating with Individuals Who Are Mentally Ill	33	(2)
Communicating with Individuals Who Are Mentally Retarded or Autistic	35	(1)
Communicating with the Homeless	36	(1)
Communication as a Tool or a Weapon	37	(1)
Communicating to Obtain Information	37	(1)
The Field Inquiry	38	(1)
The Authority to Stop	38	(1)
The Interview	39	(1)
The Certified Forensic Interviewer Program	40	(1)
Guidelines for Interviewing	40	(1)
Interviewing and Interrogating Techniques	40	(6)
Phrasing Questions	41	(1)
Avoiding Contaminating an Interview	41	(1)
Interviewing Witnesses: The Lifeblood of Criminal Cases	41	(3)
The Cognitive Interview	44	(1)
Interviewing Children	45	(1)
Statements	45	(1)
Information from Informants	46	(1)
Anonymous Tips	46	(1)
The Interrogation	47	(6)
The Miranda Decision	47	(2)
Waiving the Miranda Rights	49	(1)
Providing Consular Rights Warnings to Foreign Nationals	49	(1)
Ethical Considerations in Interrogation	50	(1)
Use of Force or Coercion during Interrogation	50	(1)
Detecting Deception	51	(1)
The Polygraph and CVSA	52	(1)
Documenting Confessions	52	(1)
Report Writing	53	(2)
The Importance of Field Notes	53	(1)
Purposes of Reports	54	(1)
The Audience	54	(1)
The Effective Report	54	(1)
Computer-Assisted Report Entry	55	(1)
Interaction and Cooperation with the Media	55	(1)
Summary	56	(5)
Operational Skills: Performing within the Law	61	(36)
Introduction	62	(1)
Stop and Frisk	63	(3)
The Stop	63	(2)
The Frisk	65	(1)
Legal Arrests	66	(5)
Arrest Defined	66	(1)
When Arrests Can Be Made	66	(2)
The Importance of Lawful Arrests	68	(3)
Procedures for Making Legal Arrests	71	(1)
De Facto Arrests	72	(1)
The Use of Force in Making an Arrest	72	(11)
Gender Differences in Use of Force	73	(1)
The Use of Force Model	73	(1)
Use of Force Continuums	74	(1)
Using Forcible Entry to Arrest	75	(1)
The Use of Handcuffs in Making an Arrest	76	(1)
Excessive Force	77	(1)
The Use of Nonlethal or Less-Lethal Weapons in Making Arrests	78	(2)
The Use of Deadly Force in Making Arrests	80	(2)
The Duty to Warn	82	(1)
Reports on Use of Force	83	(1)
Use of Force and Community Policing	83	(1)
Legal Searches	83	(5)
Search Warrants	84	(1)
Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement	84	(4)
Procedures for Legally Searching People	88	(1)
Procedures for Legally Searching Buildings	89	(1)
Using K-9s in Searches	90	(1)
Summary	91	(6)
SECTION II GETTING THE JOB DONE: BASIC POLICE OPERATIONS	97	(218)
Patrol: The Backbone of Police Operations	99	(33)
Introduction	99	(1)
An Organizational Contradiction---The Importance of Patrol	100	(1)
Patrol Functions	100	(6)
Noncrime Calls for Service	101	(2)
Controlling Traffic	103	(1)
Assisting at the Scene of a Crime	103	(1)
Making Arrests	103	(1)
Special Events	103	(2)
Assisting at the Scene of a Fire	105	(1)
The Community Service and Peacekeeping Function	105	(1)
Patrol Methods	106	(11)
Foot Patrol	106	(1)
Automobile Patrol	107	(1)
Motorcycle Patrol	108	(1)
Bicycle Patrol	109	(3)
Segways	112	(1)
Mounted Patrol	112	(2)
Air Patrol	114	(1)
Personal Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft	114	(1)
Water Patrol	114	(1)
Special-Terrain Vehicles	115	(1)
K-9-Assisted Patrol	116	(1)
Combination Patrol	117	(1)
Patrol Techniques and Strategies	117	(3)
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment	117	(1)
Area and Shift Assignments	118	(1)
Response Time	119	(1)
Differential Police Response	119	(1)
Directed Patrol	120	(1)
Patrol and Problem-Oriented Policing	120	(6)
The SARA Problem-Solving Process	120	(6)
Implementing Problem-Oriented Policing	126	(1)
Patrol and Community Policing	126	(2)
Summary	128	(4)
Traffic: Policing in a Country on the Move	132	(37)
Introduction	132	(1)
Traffic Direction and Control	133	(1)
The Cruising Problem	134	(1)
Traffic Enforcement	134	(9)
Traffic Violators and Violations	136	(1)
Seat Belt Laws	136	(2)
Speeding	138	(2)
Red-Light Runners	140	(1)
Aggressive Driving and Road Rage	141	(1)
Driving under the Influence	142	(1)
Selective Traffic Enforcement and the Enforcement Index	143	(1)
The Traffic Stop	143	(5)
Automated Citations	145	(1)
Pretext Stops	145	(1)
Racial Profiling	146	(2)
Recognizing and Stopping Drivers ``Under the Influence''	148	(4)
Field and Chemical Tests for DUI	148	(1)
Recognizing the Driver under the Influence of Drugs	149	(1)
Implied Consent	149	(1)
Videotaping Drivers	150	(1)
Strategies to Deter DUI	150	(2)
Legal Liability	152	(1)
Enforcement and Pursuit	152	(3)
Enforcement and Transportation of Hazardous Materials	155	(1)
Crash Management and Investigation	155	(6)
Responding to a Crash Call	156	(1)
Crash Investigation and Reconstruction	157	(1)
Fake ``Accidents''	158	(2)
Crash Reduction Strategies	160	(1)
Crash Reports	160	(1)
Legal Liability	160	(1)
Traffic and Community Policing	161	(1)
Traffic and Problem-Oriented Policing	162	(2)
Scanning	162	(1)
Analysis	162	(1)
Response	163	(1)
Assessment	164	(1)
Summary	164	(5)
Crime, Disorder and Quality-of-Life Issues: Responding to the Call	169	(36)
Introduction	169	(2)
Classifying and Measuring Crime	171	(4)
Uniform Crime Reports	171	(2)
National Incident-Based Reporting System	173	(1)
National Crime Victimization Survey	173	(2)
From Measuring Crime to Predicting Crime---Becoming Proactive	175	(1)
Mapping Crime	175	(4)
Responding to Calls about Crime and Disorder	179	(4)
Arriving at the Scene	179	(1)
Attending to Injuries and Apprehending Suspects	180	(1)
Securing the Crime Scene	180	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	181	(2)
Crime-Scene Units	183	(1)
Disorder and Quality-of-Life Issues	183	(5)
Responding to Disorderly or Troublesome People	185	(3)
Civil Disobedience	188	(6)
Issues Leading to Civil Disobedience	189	(3)
Responding to Demonstrations and Civil Disturbances	192	(2)
Crisis Situations	194	(4)
Hostage Situations	194	(2)
Barricaded Individuals and Suicide Attempts	196	(2)
Crime, Disorder and Community Policing	198	(1)
Crime, Disorder and Problem-Oriented Policing	199	(2)
Scanning	199	(1)
Analysis	199	(1)
Response	200	(1)
Assessment	200	(1)
Summary	201	(4)
Violence: At Home, in the Classroom, on the Job	205	(52)
Introduction	205	(2)
Domestic and Family Violence	207	(1)
Partner Abuse	208	(4)
Battered Women	208	(3)
Battered Men	211	(1)
Gay Domestic Violence	212	(1)
Responding to Domestic Violence Calls	212	(7)
The Danger of Domestic Calls	213	(1)
Documenting Evidence of Domestic Violence	214	(1)
Arresting Batterers	215	(2)
Batterer Intervention Programs	217	(2)
Helping Victims Deal with the Assault	219	(1)
Stalking	219	(2)
The Police Response	220	(1)
Cyberstalking	220	(1)
Child Abuse	221	(6)
The Police Response	223	(2)
Special Challenges Related to Child Abuse Investigations	225	(2)
Elder Abuse	227	(3)
Indications of Financial Crimes against the Elderly	228	(1)
The Police Response	228	(1)
Cooperative Efforts	229	(1)
Community Policing and Domestic Violence	230	(1)
School Violence	230	(6)
Bullying	231	(2)
School Shootings	233	(3)
The Police Response	236	(1)
In Search of Safer Schools	236	(4)
Crisis Planning	236	(1)
Security Technology	237	(1)
Partnerships	238	(2)
Other Efforts to Prevent School Violence	240	(4)
Zero-Tolerance Policies	242	(1)
Proactive Lockdowns	243	(1)
Workplace Violence	244	(4)
Similarities between School and Workplace Violence	245	(1)
Early Warning Signs	246	(1)
The Police Response	246	(2)
Problem-Oriented Policing and Violence	248	(2)
Scanning	248	(1)
Analysis	248	(1)
Response	249	(1)
Assessment	249	(1)
Summary	250	(7)
Emergency Situations: When Disaster Strikes	257	(23)
Introduction	257	(1)
The Four Phases of an Emergency	258	(1)
Predisaster Plans	258	(4)
Communication, Coordination and Interoperability	260	(1)
Planning for Evacuation	261	(1)
Planning to Protect Computers	261	(1)
Planning to Interact with the Media	261	(1)
The Emergency Operations Center	262	(1)
Guidelines for Dealing with Emergencies	263	(4)
Before the Emergency	263	(1)
During the Emergency	264	(1)
After the Emergency	264	(3)
Natural Disasters	267	(2)
Floods	267	(1)
Explosions	268	(1)
Fires	268	(1)
Cyclones: Hurricanes and Tornados	268	(1)
Earthquakes	269	(1)
Accidental or Intentional Emergencies	269	(7)
Plane Crashes	270	(1)
Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) Incidents	270	(3)
Bombs and Bomb Threats	273	(3)
Emergencies and Community Policing	276	(1)
Summary	276	(4)
Terrorism: Securing Our Homeland	280	(35)
Introduction	280	(2)
Terrorism Defined	282	(1)
Classification of Terrorist Acts	283	(1)
Domestic Terrorism	283	(1)
International Terrorism	283	(1)
The Dual Threat	284	(1)
Motivations for Terrorism	284	(3)
White Supremacists	285	(1)
Black Supremacists	285	(1)
The Militia Movement	285	(1)
Other Right-Wing Extremists	285	(1)
Left-Wing Extremists	286	(1)
Pro-Life Extremists	286	(1)
Animal Rights Activists	286	(1)
Environmental Extremists	286	(1)
A New Kind of War --- An Asymmetric War	287	(1)
Methods Used by Terrorists	287	(5)
Explosives and Bombs	287	(3)
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)	290	(2)
Technological Terrorism	292	(1)
The Federal Response to Terrorism	292	(4)
The Department of Homeland Security	293	(1)
The USA Patriot Act	293	(3)
The Critical Role of Local Law Enforcement in Homeland Security	296	(9)
Understanding the Enemy	298	(3)
Intelligence Gathering and Sharing	301	(2)
Crucial Collaborations---Partnerships and Communication	303	(1)
Investigating Terrorist Crimes	304	(1)
Initiatives to Assist in the Fight against Terrorism	305	(1)
Increased Border Security	305	(1)
Community Vulnerability Assessment Methodology	305	(1)
The National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT)	306	(1)
The Center for Food Protection and Defense	306	(1)
The National Incident Management System	306	(1)
The Role of the Media in the War on Terrorism	306	(1)
Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism	307	(1)
Concern for Civil Rights	307	(1)
Retaliation or Discrimination against People of Middle Eastern Descent	307	(1)
Community Policing and Homeland Security	308	(2)
Being Proactive	309	(1)
Summary	310	(5)
SECTION III SPECIALIZED POLICE OPERATIONS	315	(118)
Criminal Investigation	317	(47)
Introduction	317	(1)
Goals of Criminal Investigation	318	(1)
The Investigative Process	318	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	318	(2)
Who Investigates?	320	(1)
Crime Scene Investigators	320	(1)
Evidence	320	(8)
Kinds of Evidence	321	(7)
Using Computers in Criminal Investigation	328	(2)
Geographic Profiling	329	(1)
Investigating Specific Crimes	330	(19)
Violent Crimes	330	(7)
Property Crimes	337	(7)
Other Crimes	344	(5)
False Reports	349	(1)
Victimless Crimes	349	(1)
Prostitution and Pornography	349	(1)
Gaming	350	(1)
Surveillance, Undercover Assignments and Raids	350	(5)
Surveillance	351	(1)
Undercover Assignments	352	(3)
Raids	355	(1)
Investigation and Community Policing	355	(1)
Problem-Oriented Policing and Investigation	356	(1)
Scanning	356	(1)
Analysis	356	(1)
Response	356	(1)
Assessment	357	(1)
Judge's Commentary	357	(1)
Summary	357	(7)
Responding to Children and Juveniles: Our Nation's Future	364	(29)
Introduction	364	(1)
An Overview of Our Juvenile Justice System	365	(2)
The Welfare Model versus the Justice Model	366	(1)
The ``One-Pot'' Jurisdictional Approach	366	(1)
Children in Need of Help	367	(3)
Children Who Are Poor, Neglected or Abused	368	(1)
Children Who Are Missing, Runaways or Thrownaways	368	(2)
Other Law Enforcement/Youth Encounters	370	(3)
Disorderly Youths Who Are ``Hanging Out''	371	(1)
Curfew Violators	372	(1)
Truants	372	(1)
Status Offenders	373	(3)
Underage Drinking	373	(2)
Rave Parties	375	(1)
Police Dispositions of Status Offenses	376	(1)
Police Discretion and the Initial Contact	376	(1)
Violent Offenders	377	(1)
Legal Procedures When Dealing with Youths	378	(2)
Custody and Detention	379	(1)
Police Records and Files	380	(1)
Fingerprinting and Photographing Children	380	(1)
Law Enforcement Programs Aimed at Youths	380	(6)
Aggressive Enforcement	381	(1)
Referrals	382	(1)
Explorer Posts	382	(2)
Educational Programs	384	(1)
Camps	385	(1)
Other Programs	385	(1)
The Juvenile Justice System and Community Policing	386	(1)
Juvenile Justice and Problem-Oriented Policing	386	(2)
Scanning	386	(1)
Analysis	386	(1)
Response	387	(1)
Assessment	388	(1)
Judge's Commentary	388	(1)
Summary	388	(5)
Gangs and Drugs: Two National Threats	393	(40)
Introduction	393	(1)
Gangs Defined	394	(1)
The Extent of the Gang Problem	395	(1)
Types of Gangs	395	(4)
Why People Join Gangs	399	(1)
Characteristics and Activities of Gangs	399	(2)
Recognizing a Gang Problem	401	(1)
Warning Signs of a Gang Problem	401	(1)
Criteria for Qualifying as a Gang	402	(1)
Identifying Gang Members	402	(3)
Investigating Gangs' Illegal Activities	405	(2)
Reading Graffiti	406	(1)
Gang Impact Teams	406	(1)
Obtaining and Recording Information	407	(1)
Approaches to the Gang Problem	407	(3)
Suppression	408	(1)
Gang Units	409	(1)
Civil Gang Injunctions and Ordinances	410	(1)
Vertical Prosecution and Special Prosecution Units	410	(1)
A Five-Pronged Approach to Gang Reduction	410	(1)
Gangs and Community Policing	411	(1)
The Drug Problem	411	(2)
The Drugs Involved	413	(2)
Approaches to the Drug Problem	415	(6)
The Drug Buy	416	(1)
Undercover Operations	416	(2)
Proving Guilty Knowledge	418	(1)
Drug Raids	419	(1)
Combating Prescription Drug Diversion	419	(1)
Dealing with Meth Labs	420	(1)
Combating Street-Level Narcotics Sales	421	(1)
Public Housing and the Drug Problem	421	(1)
Recognizing Individuals Using Illegal Drugs	422	(1)
An Alternative to Arrest	422	(1)
Legislation as a Tool in the War on Drugs	422	(2)
Prevention	424	(1)
Educational Programs	424	(1)
Community Policing and the Drug Problem	425	(1)
Adolescent Counseling Exchange (ACE), Denver, Colorado	425	(1)
Troy Community Coalition (TCC), Troy, Michigan	425	(1)
North Central Community Based Services (NCCBS), Chama, New Mexico	425	(1)
Together! Youth Violence, Alcohol, Drug Prevention, Lacey, Washington	426	(1)
Problem-Oriented Policing, Gangs and Drugs	426	(2)
Summary	428	(5)
SECTION IV THE PERSONAL SIDE OF POLICE OPERATIONS	433	(57)
Physical and Mental Health Issues: Keeping Fit for Duty	435	(24)
Introduction	435	(1)
Physical Fitness	436	(2)
Myths about Physical Fitness	436	(2)
Physical Fitness Training Programs	438	(2)
Other Areas of Physical Fitness	439	(1)
Bloodborne Pathogens and Biological and Chemical Threats	440	(2)
HIV Infection and AIDS	440	(1)
Hepatitis B Viral Infection	440	(1)
Hepatitis C Viral Infection	440	(1)
How Bloodborne Pathogens Are Spread	440	(1)
Other Diseases	441	(1)
Protecting Oneself	441	(1)
Biological and Chemical Threats	442	(1)
Mental Fitness	442	(1)
Stress	442	(1)
Sources of Stress	443	(3)
Internal, Individual Stressors	443	(1)
Stress Related to Police Work	443	(2)
Administrative and Organizational Stressors	445	(1)
Stressors Related to the Criminal Justice System and Society	445	(1)
The Interplay of Stressors	445	(1)
Effects of Stress	446	(4)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)	446	(2)
Burnout	448	(1)
Depression	448	(1)
Officer Suicide	449	(1)
Reducing Stress	450	(1)
Mental Fitness Programs	450	(1)
Officer Safety	450	(5)
The Warrior Attitude	452	(1)
Responding to an Emotionally Disturbed Person Call	453	(1)
Countering a Canine Attack	454	(1)
The Other Two Sides of the Survival Triangle	454	(1)
Advice from Veteran Officers	455	(1)
Summary	455	(4)
Liability and Ethics: Is It Legal? Is It Moral?	459	(31)
Introduction	460	(1)
Civil Liability: An Overview	460	(1)
Section 1983, The Civil Rights Act	461	(1)
Vicarious Liability	462	(1)
Common Charges Brought against Police Officers	462	(5)
False Arrest or Imprisonment	463	(1)
Malicious Prosecution	463	(1)
Excessive Force or Brutality	463	(1)
Wrongful Death	464	(1)
Negligent Operation of a Vehicle	465	(1)
Failure to Protect	465	(1)
Failure to Identify	466	(1)
Negligent Service	466	(1)
Other Areas of Civil Liability	467	(1)
Reducing the Occurrence of Civil Lawsuits	467	(1)
Countersuits	468	(1)
Legal Liability and Community Policing	468	(1)
Ethics: An Overview	469	(1)
The Police Culture	470	(4)
The Police Culture and Use of Force	474	(1)
Gray Areas in Police Ethics	474	(4)
Police Use of Deception	474	(2)
Gratuities	476	(2)
Unethical Behavior	478	(1)
Corruption	479	(2)
Why Do Officers Become Corrupt?	479	(1)
Rotten Apples versus Rotten Barrels	480	(1)
Basic Ethics Tests	481	(1)
The Role of the Police Department	482	(1)
Ethics and Community Policing and Problem Solving	482	(1)
Integrating Ethics into the SARA Model	483	(1)
Summary	483	(7)
A Look Ahead	490	(1)
Appendix: Policies and Procedures Sample Form	491	(2)
Glossary	493	(8)
Author Index	501	(12)
Photo Credits	513