Policing in America

by Gaines, Larry K.; Kappeler, Victor E.; Vaughn, Joseph B.

• ISBN13: 9780870847080
• ISBN10: 0870847082
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-04-01
• Publisher: Anderson Pub Co

Table of Contents

Dedication	iii
Acknowledgments	v
Preface	vii
The Police in American Society	1	(56)
The Government Structure and Policing	3	(5)
Constitutional Government	4	(2)
Separation of Powers	6	(1)
Principles of Federalism	7	(1)
Police and the Law	8	(2)
Police in the Criminal Justice System	10	(3)
The Roles and Functions of Police in Modern Society	13	(8)
Roles Performed by the Police	15	(3)
Police Activities	18	(1)
Types of Police Department	19	(2)
The Diversity of the Police Establishment	21	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	22	(16)
Justice Department Agencies	24	(8)
Treasury Department Agencies	32	(4)
Miscellaneous Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	36	(2)
State Law Enforcement Agencies	38	(6)
State Police and Highway Patrols	39	(3)
Limited-Purpose Law Enforcement Agencies	42	(2)
Local Law Enforcement Agencies	44	(7)
Campus Law Enforcement Agencies	47	(4)
Summary	51	(6)
References	51	(6)
Historical Perspectives	57	(44)
An Overview of Policing in Ancient Times	57	(7)
The Birth of Civilization in Mesopotamia	58	(2)
Civilization in Ancient Egypt	60	(1)
The Rise of Greek City-States	61	(1)
The Roman Empire's Contribution to Policing	62	(2)
Police Development in England	64	(11)
Medieval England	65	(1)
Early English Law Enforcement	66	(2)
The English Reformers	68	(7)
American Policing in Retrospect	75	(7)
Early American Policing	75	(7)
Policing America: The Modern Era	82	(13)
The Political Entrenchment Phase	82	(3)
The Reform Efforts	85	(4)
Professional Policing Comes to America	89	(3)
Public and Community Relations Return to Policing	92	(3)
Summary	95	(6)
References	95	(6)
Personnel Systems	101	(56)
Toward a Theory of Police Selection	102	(1)
Affirmative Action and Police Selection	103	(24)
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act	103	(3)
The Supreme Court: Lessening Title VII Requirements	106	(1)
Minorities in Policing	107	(3)
Women in Policing	110	(5)
Recruiting Police Officers	115	(1)
Establishing Minimum Selection Standards	116	(11)
The Police Selection Process	127	(7)
The Written Test	128	(3)
The Oral Interview Board	131	(1)
The Assessment Center	132	(2)
Training Police Officers	134	(11)
Basic Training	134	(4)
Field Training Officer (FTO) Programs	138	(5)
In-Service Training	143	(2)
Police Officer Career Development	145	(3)
Impact of Race and Gender on Police Officer Careers	148	(1)
Summary	149	(8)
References	150	(7)
Organization and Management	157	(36)
The Specifics of Police Administration: POSDCORB	158	(1)
Levels of Administration and Supervision	159	(2)
Principles of Organization and Police Administration	161	(1)
Classical Organizational Principles	162	(8)
Problems with Classical Organizational Principles and Traditional Police Administration	168	(2)
Human Relations Organizational Theory	170	(3)
The Hawthorne Studies	170	(1)
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y	171	(1)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	172	(1)
Human Relations Theory and Police Administration	173	(3)
Participative Management	174	(2)
Systems Theory and Police Administration	176	(4)
Open Systems versus Closed Systems	179	(1)
Organizations as Systems	179	(1)
Systems Theory and Policing	180	(9)
Management by Objectives (MBO)	181	(2)
Contingency Management	183	(1)
Total Quality Management	184	(5)
Summary	189	(4)
References	189	(4)
Police Operations	193	(50)
Allocating Police Personnel	194	(1)
Police Patrol	195	(1)
Deploying Patrol Personnel	196	(2)
Methods and Techniques of Patrol	198	(8)
Foot Patrol	199	(2)
Horse Patrol	201	(1)
Bicycle Patrol	202	(2)
Aircraft Patrol	204	(1)
Watercraft Patrol	205	(1)
Police Patrol Strategies	206	(12)
Routine Preventive Patrol	207	(2)
Maximizing Resources for Directed Patrol	209	(2)
Directed Patrol	211	(7)
Criminal Investigations	218	(1)
Investigations: A Historical Perspective	219	(2)
The Detective as Secretive Rogue	219	(1)
The Detective as Inquisitor	219	(1)
The Detective as Bureaucrat	220	(1)
The Investigation Process	221	(3)
Preliminary Investigations	222	(1)
Follow-Up or Latent Investigations	223	(1)
Research on the Effectiveness of Investigations	224	(3)
The Traffic Function	227	(6)
The Police and the Traffic Function	227	(3)
Special Problems in Traffic Enforcement	230	(3)
Police Paramilitary Units	233	(4)
Distinguishing Police Paramilitary Units from Regular Police	234	(3)
Summary	237	(6)
References	237	(6)
Police Discretion	243	(52)
The Nature of Police Discretion	246	(1)
Administrative Discretion	247	(2)
Enforcement Discretion	249	(2)
The Police Decision-Making Process	251	(1)
The Decision to Invoke the Criminal Justice Process	251	(6)
Offender Variables	252	(3)
Situation Variables	255	(1)
System Variables	256	(1)
Discretionary Situations in Law Enforcement	257	(4)
Domestic Violence	257	(4)
Vice Crimes	261	(9)
Prostitution	264	(3)
Pornography	267	(2)
Gambling	269	(1)
The Investigation of Vice	270	(2)
Policing Hate Crimes	272	(3)
Disenfranchised Populations	275	(4)
Controlling Police Discretion	279	(1)
Understanding the Need for Control Mechanisms	280	(1)
Internal Control Mechanisms	280	(1)
External Control Mechanisms	281	(1)
Control by the Citizens	281	(3)
Legislative Control	284	(2)
Control by the Courts	286	(2)
Summary	288	(7)
References	289	(6)
Police Culture and Behavior	295	(40)
The Psychological Perspective	296	(2)
The Sociological Perspective	298	(1)
Types of Police Officers	299	(3)
The Anthropological Perspective	302	(1)
The Police Subculture	302	(2)
The Law and Police Culture	304	(1)
The Police World View	305	(2)
Police Ethos	307	(3)
Police Themes	310	(2)
Police Postulates	312	(2)
Subculture of Violence	314	(3)
Police Stress	317	(11)
Sources of Police Stress	318	(3)
Effects of Police Stress	321	(1)
Police Suicide	321	(4)
Alcoholism and Drug Abuse	325	(1)
Mortality and Health Problems	325	(2)
Reducing Police Stress	327	(1)
Summary	328	(7)
References	329	(6)
Ethics and Deviance	335	(54)
Sources of Ethics	337	(14)
Justice	338	(1)
Law	338	(2)
Agency Policy	340	(3)
Professional Code of Ethics	343	(2)
Social Norms and Personal Values	345	(2)
A Conflict of Values	347	(4)
Crime, Corruption, Abuse, and Illegal Behavior	351	(13)
Police Crime	351	(1)
Abuse of Authority	352	(1)
Occupational Deviance	352	(2)
Corruption	354	(1)
Bribery	355	(1)
Extortion	356	(1)
Narcotics Violations	356	(4)
Other Criminal Offenses	360	(4)
Deviant Behavior	364	(14)
Alcohol and Other Drugs of Abuse	365	(2)
Sexual Misconduct	367	(4)
Police Sexual Violence	371	(1)
Gratuities	371	(5)
Goldbricking versus Quotas	376	(2)
Police Use of Force	378	(6)
Summary	384	(5)
References	384	(5)
Civil Liability	389	(32)
The Incidence of Civil Suits	390	(1)
The Cost of Civil Liability	391	(2)
Litigants in Liability Cases	393	(1)
Police Civil Liability and Tort Law	394	(2)
Strict Tort Liability	396	(1)
Intentional Torts	396	(6)
Wrongful Death	397	(1)
Assault and Battery	398	(3)
False Arrest and Imprisonment	401	(1)
Negligence	402	(4)
Legal Duty	403	(1)
Breach of Duty	404	(1)
Proximate Cause	404	(1)
Damage or Injury	405	(1)
Defenses to Claims of Police Negligence	406	(1)
Contributory Negligence	406	(1)
Comparative Negligence	406	(1)
Assumption of Risk	407	(1)
Police Liability Under Federal Law	407	(1)
Acting Under Color of State Law	408	(2)
Violation of a Constitutional Right	410	(3)
Defenses to Section 1983 Lawsuits	413	(2)
Absolute Immunity	413	(1)
Qualified Immunity	414	(1)
Probable Cause	414	(1)
Good Faith	414	(1)
Preventing Liability	415	(2)
Summary	417	(4)
References	417	(4)
The Police in the Modern Community	421	(48)
An Overview of Public Perceptions of the Police	422	(4)
Public Attitudes Toward the Police	423	(1)
Individual-Level Variables	424	(2)
Police-Community Relations	426	(4)
Toward a Theory of Police-Community Relations	427	(3)
Crime Prevention	430	(31)
The Theory of Crime Prevention	431	(3)
Primary Crime Prevention Techniques and Programs	434	(9)
Juvenile Curfews	443	(1)
Private Security	444	(2)
Community Policing	446	(2)
The Philosophical Dimension	448	(2)
The Strategic Dimension	450	(3)
The Programmatic Dimension	453	(6)
Management Issues	459	(1)
Operational Examples	460	(1)
Summary	461	(8)
References	462	(7)
Policing the Drug Problem	469	(48)
The Nature and Extent of the Drug Problem	470	(4)
Drugs and Crime	472	(2)
The Nation's Drug Strategy	474	(10)
Interdiction	475	(3)
Drug Prevention Programs	478	(3)
Drug Treatment	481	(3)
The Illegal Drug Delivery System	484	(8)
Criminal Organizations	484	(8)
Drug Enforcement Techniques and Programs	492	(15)
Attacking High-Level Distributors	493	(4)
Drug Enforcement at the Retail Level	497	(10)
Community Policing and Drugs	507	(4)
Summary	511	(6)
References	512	(5)
The Future of Policing	517	(28)
Predictions for the Future	518	(10)
Police Roles and Functions	520	(5)
Political and Legal Change	525	(1)
Technology and the Police	526	(2)
Managing Information and Communication with Enhanced Technology	528	(8)
Communications	528	(3)
Computers, Communication, and Information	531	(2)
Police Information Systems	533	(3)
Technology for Field Operations	536	(5)
Automated Traffic Enforcement	536	(1)
Video Cameras	537	(2)
Investigation and Crime Scene Technology	539	(1)
The Future of Police Leadership	540	(1)
Summary	541	(4)
References	542	(3)
Glossary	545	(14)
Name Index	559	(8)
Subject Index	567