Policing in a Diverse Society

Policing in a Diverse Society provides an in-depth look at historical events that have shaped the thinking of both minority groups and law enforcement officers. Many stereotypes and myths have evolved as a result of lack of understanding, and this book utilizes a historical perspective as another means of closing the gap between the law enforcement officers and the communities they serve and protect. The text offers the reader an opportunity to gain a better understanding of the "riff" that may exist between law enforcement and citizens. This is used to impress upon the reader the need for officers in training to arm themselves with more than guns and a badge-that knowledge about issues relating to diversity is necessary in order for officers to perform their duties effectively and efficiently in America's diverse population.This book is useful not only for criminal justice students, but law enforcement organizations' basic law enforcement training sessions as well. In an effort to achieve the main objective of helping the reader understand and build a better relationship between officers and citizens, the historical perspective of each population segment discussed is included.

Mary S. Jackson is a professor of Criminal Justice Studies at East Carolina University.

Preface

xv

Acknowledgments

xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction: Policing in a Diverse Society

3

(10)

Learning Objectives

3

(1)

Why Should Criminal Justice Students Study Diversity?

3

(3)

Cross Cultural Era

4

(1)

Ethnic Renewal

4

(1)

World Events

5

(1)

Hate Crimes

5

(1)

Job Performance and Safety

6

(1)

Diversity Terms

6

(3)

Summary

9

(1)

Key Concepts

10

(1)

Questions for Discussion

10

(1)

Suggested Reading

10

(3)

Chapter 2 Community Policing: An Old Philosophy that Haunts Us

13

(16)

Learning Objectives

13

(1)

Community Policing vs. Police Community Relations

13

(1)

Evolution of American Policing

14

(2)

Strategies

16

(6)

Communication

17

(1)

Discretionary Power

18

(1)

Changing Composition of Police Organizations

19

(3)

Women in Policing

22

(2)

African Americans in Policing

24

(1)

Summary

25

(2)

Key Concepts

27

(1)

Questions for Discussion

28

(1)

Suggested Reading

28

(1)

Chapter 3 Native Americans and Policing

29

(16)

Learning Objectives

29

(1)

Historical Perspective

29

(1)

Decline of Native Americans

30

(4)

Enslavement

30

(1)

Separation

30

(1)

Wars

31

(1)

Discrimination

32

(1)

Limited Food Supply

33

(1)

Introduction of Alcohol

33

(1)

Contemporary Issues

34

(3)

Demographics

34

(1)

Education

35

(1)

Reservations

35

(1)

Assimilation

36

(1)

Worldview

37

(1)

Enrollment and CDIB

38

(1)

Social and Political Actions

39

(1)

Law Enforcement and Native Americans

39

(2)

Tribal Law Enforcement

40

(1)

Native Americans and Crime

41

(1)

Stereotypes

41

(1)

Behaviors that Can Cause Stereotypes

42

(1)

Summary

43

(1)

Key Concepts

43

(1)

Questions for Discussion

43

(1)

Suggested Reading

44

(1)

Chapter 4 Arab Americans and Policing

45

(22)

Learning Objectives

45

(1)

Introduction

45

(1)

What Is Terrorism?

46

(3)

Types of Terrorism

49

(1)

Historical Perspective

49

(2)

Islamic Faith

51

(2)

Self-Perceptions

53

(1)

Arab American Rules of Etiquette

53

(1)

Arab American Gestures

54

(1)

Physical Contact

54

(1)

Arab Americans and Discrimination

55

(1)

Arab Americans as Victims of Crimes

56

(1)

Arab American Stereotypes

57

(1)

Law Enforcement Interactions with Arab Americans

57

(1)

Weapons and Terrorism

58

(1)

Law Enforcement and Terrorism

59

(2)

Taboos

61

(1)

Civil Rights Issues

62

(1)

War with Iraq

63

(1)

Summary

64

(1)

Key Concepts

65

(1)

Questions for Discussion

65

(1)

Suggested Reading

66

(1)

Chapter 5 Policing the Elderly: A Forgotten Population

67

(12)

Learning Objectives

67

(1)

Historical Perspective

67

(1)

Factors Affecting the Elderly

68

(1)

Baby Boomers

68

(1)

Immigration

69

(1)

The Changing Role of the Elderly

69

(2)

Life Expectancy

69

(1)

Non-Traditional Roles

70

(1)

Changing Laws

70

(1)

Legislation Affecting the Elderly

71

(2)

Euthanasia

71

(1)

Living Wills

72

(1)

Health Care

72

(1)

Political Activities

73

(1)

Stereotypes

73

(1)

Police and the Elderly

74

(3)

Clients of the System

74

(1)

Community Residents

75

(1)

Victims

76

(1)

Summary

77

(1)

Key Concepts

77

(1)

Questions for Discussion

77

(1)

Suggested Reading

107

(2)

Chapter 8 Hispanics and Policing

109

(10)

Learning Objectives

109

(1)

Historical Perspective

109

(1)

In-Between Minority

110

(1)

Hispanic Hierarchy

110

(2)

Cubans

111

(1)

Mexicans

111

(1)

Puerto Ricans

112

(1)

Central and South Americans

112

(1)

Family Values

112

(1)

Political Involvement

113

(2)

Spanish vs. English

115

(1)

Stereotypes

115

(1)

Police and Hispanic Interactions

116

(1)

Summary

117

(1)

Key Concepts

117

(1)

Questions for Discussion

117

(1)

Suggested Reading

118

(1)

Chapter 9 Gays and Lesbians and Police Encounters

119

(12)

Learning Objectives

119

(1)

Historical Perspective

119

(1)

Definition of Terms

120

(1)

Coming Out

121

(1)

Matrimony

122

(1)

Children of Gay and Lesbian Couples

123

(1)

Stereotypes

124

(1)

Gays and Lesbians and Police Encounters

125

(1)

Stonewall Riots

126

(1)

Gay Liberation Movement

126

(1)

Military

127

(1)

Summary

127

(1)

Key Concepts

128

(1)

Questions for Discussion

128

(1)

Suggested Reading

128

(3)

Chapter 10 Policing Asian Americans

131

(12)

Learning Objectives

131

(1)

Historical Perspective

131

(6)

Executive Order 9066

137

(1)

Family Values

138

(1)

Stereotypes

139

(1)

Asian Americans and Law Enforcement

140

(1)

Summary

141

(1)

Key Concepts

142

(1)

Questions for Discussion

142

(1)

Suggested Reading

142

(1)

Chapter 11 Policing Adolescent Street Gangs

143

(10)

Learning Objectives

143

(1)

Historical Perspective

143

(1)

Why Do Children Join Gangs?

144

(1)

Gang Communication Methods

145

(1)

Graffiti (hit-up or tag)

145

(1)

Flashing (a.k.a. tossin'-it-up or rollin)

145

(1)

Gear (Clothing)

145

(1)

Body Markings

146

(1)

Stereotypes

146

(1)

Law Enforcement Preventive Measures

147

(1)

Gaining Control of the Community

147

(2)

Assessment Phase

147

(1)

Recruitment Phase

148

(1)

Bangin' Phase I (activity phase)

148

(1)

Bangin' Phase II

149

(1)

Law Enforcement Interactions with Gang Members

149

(1)

Summary

150

(1)

Key Concepts

150

(1)

Questions for Discussion

151

(1)

Suggested Reading

151

(2)

Chapter 12 Future Trends in Policing and Implications

153

(12)

Learning Objectives

153

(1)

Crime Bill

153

(2)

More Law Enforcement Officers

154

(1)

Three Strikes

154

(1)

Hate Crimes

154

(1)

Death Penalty

155

(1)

Increased Gang Penalties

155

(1)

Violence against Women

155

(1)

Other Categories

155

(2)

Affirmative Action

157

(2)

Toward Improving Police-Minority Relationships

159

(3)

Summary

162

(1)

Key Concepts

162

(1)

Questions for Discussion

162

(1)

Suggested Reading

163

(2)

References

165

(14)

Index

179

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