Polish: An Essential Grammaris a user-friendly guide to all the important structures of this fascinating language. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of Polish in short, readable sections. Key features include: New chapter on studying an inflected language, including detailed analysis of a typical text Comprehensive descriptions of the parts of speech covered Information presented clearly and logically in table form Wealth of real-life examples Nine clearly-presented appendices. This grammar is an invaluable asset to anyone wishing to master the Polish language as it is spoken today. Two companion books, Basic Polish: A Grammar and Workbookand Intermediate Polish: A Grammar and Workbook, provide more detailed practice in the language.

Dana Bielec is an experienced multilingual language tutor with a specialist qualification in the teaching of dyslexic students.

Abbreviations	p. xii
Preface	p. xiv
Acknowledgements	p. xvi
The Polish Language	p. 1
Alphabet	p. 3
Pronunciation and stress	p. 4
Pronunciation	p. 4
Single vowels	p. 4
Nasal vowels	p. 4
Double vowels	p. 5
Consonants	p. 6
Identical double consonants	p. 7
Consonant types	p. 7
Devoicing of voiced consonants	p. 8
Voicing of unvoiced consonants	p. 9
Effect of vowel i on preceding consonant	p. 9
Normal stress	p. 10
Abnormal stress	p. 10
Stress in prepositional phrases	p. 11
Stress in nie and its verb	p. 11
Vowel and consonant alternations	p. 12
Vowel alternations	p. 12
Consonant alternations	p. 13
Studying an inflected language	p. 16
What is an inflected language?	p. 16
How do words change in Polish?	p. 17
What are the most common student errors?	p. 18
How to study a Polish text	p. 19
Sample text	p. 20
Parts of Speech	p. 27
Verbs	p. 29
Infinitive	p. 30
Imperative mood	p. 34
Indicative mood	p. 39
Verb aspects	p. 46
Present tense	p. 53
Past tense	p. 67
Future tense	p. 73
Conditional tense	p. 78
Reflexive verbs	p. 84
Modal auxiliary verbs
Impersonal verbs	p. 88
Subjectless sentences	p. 100
Translating 'there is/are'	p. 102
Adverbial participles	p. 104
Verbal prefixes	p. 108
Reported speech	p. 122
Nouns	p. 124
Introduction	p. 124
Nominative case	p. 127
Vocative case	p. 148
Accusative case	p. 151
Genitive case	p. 156
Locative case	p. 172
Instrumental case	p. 178
Dative case	p. 186
Pronouns	p. 193
Personal pronouns	p. 195
Reflexive pronouns	p. 198
Reciprocal pronouns	p. 200
Possessive pronouns	p. 201
Demonstrative pronouns	p. 201
Interrogative pronouns	p. 202
Distributive pronouns	p. 204
Relative pronouns	p. 205
Indefinite pronouns	p. 206
Adjectives	p. 209
Attributive (descriptive) adjectives	p. 211
Possessive adjectives	p. 215
Demonstrative adjectives	p. 218
Distributive adjectives	p. 220
Interrogative adjectives	p. 221
Relative adjectives	p. 222
Indefinite adjectives	p. 222
Numerical adjectives	p. 224
Special usage	p. 224
Full adjective declension	p. 224
Adjectival participles	p. 230
Comparative: -szy form	p. 237
Comparative: other forms	p. 241
Superlative: naj- form	p. 244
Superlative: other forms	p. 244
Adjective formation	p. 245
Adverbs	p. 253
Formation of regular adverbs	p. 255
Irregular adverbs	p. 256
Expressing emotion and body temperature	p. 256
Comparative: -ej/-iej form	p. 258
Comparative: irregular	p. 260
Comparative: other forms	p. 261
Superlative: naj- form	p. 264
Superlative: other forms	p. 264
Adverb formation with nie (un-/im-/in-)	p. 265
Adverbs of time	p. 265
Adverbial phrases of time	p. 266
Adverbs of place	p. 274
Adverbs of manner	p. 276
Adverbs of degree	p. 277
Adverbs of frequency	p. 280
Adverbial phrases of frequency	p. 281
Adverbs of modification	p. 282
Adverbial phrases of modification	p. 284
'Throw-away' adverbs	p. 285
Question tags	p. 286
Prepositions	p. 288
Addition of extra e	p. 289
Compound prepositions	p. 290
Accusative case prepositions	p. 290
Genitive case prepositions	p. 296
Locative case prepositions	p. 301
Instrumental case prepositions	p. 304
Dative case prepositions	p. 306
Dual -case locative/accusative prepositions	p. 307
Dual-case instrumental/accusative prepositions	p. 308
Conjunctions	p. 310
Coordinating conjunctions	p. 310
Subordinating conjunctions	p. 313
Numerals	p. 325
List of cardinal and ordinal numbers	p. 325
Declension of cardinal numbers	p. 327
Declension of ordinal numbers	p. 334
'Another/second/one more'	p. 335
'Former/latter'	p. 335
Collective numbers	p. 335
'Pair'	p. 337
Indefinite numbers	p. 337
Fractions, decimals, percentages	p. 339
Weights and measures	p. 340
Age	p. 340
Dates	p. 341
Temperature	p. 343
Money	p. 343
Clock time	p. 345
Nouns derived from numbers	p. 347
Interjections, idiomatic phrases, greetings	p. 349
Interjections	p. 345
Idiomatic phrases	p. 350
Common greetings	p. 353
Particles	p. 354
Czy	p. 354
Li	p. 355
No	p. 355
Ze or z	p. 356
Niech and niechaj	p. 357
Oby	p. 357
By	p. 358
Nie	p. 359
S	p. 360
To	p. 630
Ci	p. 360
A	p. 361
Sentence Elements and Structure	p. 363
Sentence elements	p. 365
Types of clause	p. 365
Elements of a sentence	p. 366
Grammatical cases	p. 368
Sentence structure	p. 369
Word order	p. 369
Punctuation	p. 372
Typical noun declension	p. 379
Typical pronoun declension	p. 388
Typical adjective declension	p. 390
Question words	p. 393
First conjugation verbs (-am, -a, -aja) - all tenses	p. 395
Third conjugation verbs - present tense	p. 399
Fourth conjugation verbs - present tense	p. 404
Perfective and imperfective verb aspects	p. 409
Verb bye and miec - all tenses	p. 417
Index	p. 421
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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