Political Science : An Introduction

by Roskin, Michael; Cord, Robert L.; Medeiros, James A.; Jones, Walter; Roskin, Michael G.

• ISBN13: 9780130208729
• ISBN10: 0130208728
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Exceptionally up-to-date and rich in cross-national examples, "Political Science" offers an unbiased and thorough introduction to the basic concepts and theories of political science. With a critical look at the major theories, it exposes students to many ways of thinking, and challenges them to think critically. Emphasizing both U.S. and comparative politics provides students with a solid foundation for connecting their studies ot what is happening in the world around them.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Part I The Bases of Politics	1	(90)
1 A Science of Politics?	1	(18)
The Master Science	2	(3)
History	3	(1)
Human Geography	3	(1)
Economics	4	(1)
Sociology	4	(1)
Anthropology	4	(1)
Psychology	4	(1)
Political Power	5	(7)
Biological	5	(3)
Psychological	8	(1)
Cultural	8	(1)
Rational	9	(1)
Irrational	10	(1)
Power as a Composite	10	(2)
Is Politics a Science?	12	(5)
The Struggle to See Clearly	12	(4)
What Good Is Political Science?	16	(1)
Key Terms	17	(1)
Key Websites	17	(1)
Further Reference	18	(1)
2 Theories: Classic and Modern	19	(19)
Classic Theories	21	(5)
The Contractualists	23	(1)
Marxist Theories	24	(2)
Institutional Theories	26	(1)
Contemporary Theories	26	(10)
Behavioral Theory	27	(1)
Systems Theory	28	(3)
Modernization Theory	31	(2)
Developmentalist Theories	33	(1)
Rational-Choice Theory	34	(2)
New Institutionalism	36	(1)
Key Terms	36	(1)
Key Websites	37	(1)
Further Reference	37	(1)
3 Nations, States, and Governments	38	(17)
The Elements of Nationhood	40	(2)
Territory	40	(1)
Population	41	(1)
Independence	41	(1)
Government	42	(1)
The Crises of Nation Building	42	(4)
Identity	43	(1)
Legitimacy	43	(1)
Penetration	43	(1)
Participation	43	(1)
Distribution	44	(2)
Government: What It Is and What It Does	46	(5)
Classifying Governments	46	(2)
The State as Agent of Modernization	48	(3)
Making Public Policy	51	(2)
Public Policies: Material and Symbolic	52	(1)
Key Terms	53	(1)
Key Websites	54	(1)
Further Reference	54	(1)
4 Individuals and Constitutions	55	(16)
Constitutions in the Modern World	56	(7)
The Highest Law of the Land	57	(2)
The Purpose of a Constitution	59	(4)
The Adaptability of the U.S. Constitution	63	(2)
Can the Constitution Ensure Rights?	64	(1)
Freedom of Expression in the United States	65	(4)
Free Speech and Sedition	66	(3)
Key Terms	69	(1)
Key Websites	69	(1)
Further Reference	70	(1)
5 Democracy, Totalitarianism, and Authoritarianism	71	(20)
Modern Democracy	72	(5)
Representative Democracy	72	(5)
Democracy in Practice: Elitism or Pluralism?	77	(3)
Totalitarian Government	80	(4)
What Is Totalitarianism?	80	(4)
Authoritarianism	84	(2)
Authoritarianism and the Developing Nations	85	(1)
The Democratization of Authoritarian Regimes	86	(3)
Key Terms	89	(1)
Key Websites	89	(1)
Further Reference	89	(2)
Part II Political Attitudes	91	(58)
6 Political Ideologies	91	(20)
What Is Ideology?	91	(3)
The Major Ideologies	94	(11)
Classic Liberalism	94	(1)
Classic Conservatism	95	(1)
Modern Liberalism	96	(1)
Modern Conservatism	97	(1)
Marxist Socialism	97	(1)
Social Democracy	98	(2)
Communism	100	(2)
Nationalism	102	(1)
Fascism	103	(2)
Ideology in Our Day	105	(4)
The Collapse of Communism	105	(1)
Neoconservatism	106	(1)
Libertarianism	107	(1)
Feminism	107	(1)
Environmentalism	108	(1)
Is Ideology Finished?	109	(1)
Key Terms	109	(1)
Key Websites	110	(1)
Further Reference	110	(1)
7 Political Culture	111	(17)
The Environment of Government: Political Culture	111	(5)
Political Culture and Public Opinion	112	(1)
Participation in America	113	(3)
The Decay of Political Culture	116	(6)
Elite and Mass Cultures	118	(1)
Political Subcultures	119	(3)
Political Socialization	122	(4)
The Agents of Socialization	123	(3)
Key Terms	126	(1)
Key Websites	126	(1)
Further Reference	127	(1)
8 Public Opinion	128	(21)
The Shape of Public Opinion	130	(5)
Social Class	131	(1)
Education	132	(1)
Region	132	(1)
Religion	133	(1)
Age	134	(1)
Gender	134	(1)
Ethnic Group	135	(1)
Public-Opinion Patterns	135	(3)
Public-Opinion Polls	138	(3)
Polling Techniques	139	(1)
How Reliable Are the Polls?	140	(1)
American Opinion	141	(6)
Presidential Popularity	141	(2)
Liberals and Conservatives	143	(1)
Who Pays Attention?	143	(2)
Is Polling Fair?	145	(1)
Should America Be Governed by Polls?	146	(1)
Key Terms	147	(1)
Key Websites	147	(1)
Further Reference	148	(1)
Part III Political Interactions	149	(77)
9 Political Communication and the Media	149	(20)
Communication in Politics	149	(5)
Levels of Communication	150	(2)
Modern Mass Media	152	(2)
The Giant: Television	154	(8)
Television News	154	(2)
Television and Politics	156	(2)
Television: Ownership and Control	158	(4)
Are We Poorly Served?	162	(4)
What Can Be Done?	163	(1)
The Adversaries: Media and Government	164	(2)
Key Terms	166	(1)
Key Websites	167	(1)
Further Reference	167	(2)
10 Interest Groups	169	(20)
What Is an Interest Group?	169	(5)
Who Belongs to Interest Groups?	171	(1)
Interest Groups and Government	172	(1)
Bureaucrats as an Interest Group	173	(1)
Effective Interest Groups	174	(6)
Political Culture	174	(1)
The Rise of Big Money	175	(2)
The Rise of Single-Issue Groups	177	(1)
Size and Membership	178	(1)
Access	179	(1)
Strategies of Interest Groups	180	(5)
Approaching the Lawmakers	180	(1)
Approaching the Administration	181	(1)
Approaching the Judiciary	182	(1)
Other Tactics	183	(2)
Interest Groups: An Evaluation	185	(2)
Stalemating Political Power	186	(1)
Key Terms	187	(1)
Key Websites	187	(1)
Further Reference	187	(2)
11 Political Parties and Party Systems	189	(18)
Functions of Parties	190	(2)
A Bridge between People and Government	190	(1)
Aggregation of Interests	190	(1)
Integration into the Political System	190	(1)
Political Socialization	191	(1)
Mobilization of Voters	191	(1)
Organization of Government	192	(1)
Parties in Democracies	192	(3)
Centralization	192	(1)
Setting Government Policy	193	(2)
Party Participation in Government	195	(1)
The Party in Communist States	195	(2)
Classifying Political Parties	197	(1)
Financing Political Parties	198	(1)
Party Systems	199	(6)
Classifying Party Systems	199	(4)
The Party System and the Electoral System	203	(1)
The U.S. Party System: Could It Be Different?	204	(1)
Key Terms	205	(1)
Key Websites	205	(1)
Further Reference	206	(1)
12 Voting	207	(19)
Why Do People Vote?	207	(5)
Who Votes?	208	(4)
How Do People Vote?	212	(4)
Party Identification	212	(1)
Who Votes How?	213	(3)
Electoral Realignment	216	(3)
A Reagan Realignment?	217	(2)
What Wins Elections?	219	(5)
Retrospective Voting	220	(2)
Candidate Strategies and Voter Groups	222	(2)
Key Terms	224	(1)
Key Websites	224	(1)
Further Reference	224	(2)
Part IV The Institutions of Politics	226	(96)
13 The Basic Structures of Government	226	(19)
Monarchy or Republic	227	(1)
Unitary or Federal Systems	228	(10)
Unitary Systems	229	(3)
Federal Systems	232	(4)
The United States: Balkanization of Government	236	(2)
The Unitary-Federal Mixture	238	(1)
Electoral Systems	238	(5)
Single-Member Districts	239	(2)
Proportional Representation	241	(1)
Choosing Institutions	242	(1)
Key Terms	243	(1)
Key Websites	243	(1)
Further Reference	244	(1)
14 Legislatures	245	(21)
Presidential and Parliamentary Systems	247	(5)
Pros and Cons of Each System	249	(3)
What Legislatures Do	252	(7)
The Committee System	254	(2)
A Closer Look at Legislatures	256	(3)
The Decline of Legislatures	259	(4)
Structural Disadvantages	259	(1)
Lack of Expertise	260	(1)
Psychological Disadvantages	261	(1)
The Absentee Problem	261	(1)
Lack of Turnover	262	(1)
The Dilemma of Parliaments	263	(1)
Key Terms	263	(1)
Key Websites	264	(1)
Further Reference	264	(2)
15 Executives	266	(20)
Presidents and Prime Ministers	266	(6)
"Forming a Government" in Britain	267	(2)
"Constructive No Confidence" in Germany	269	(1)
"Cohabitation" in France	269	(1)
The "Presidentialization" of Prime Ministers	269	(1)
Executive Terms	270	(2)
The Roles of the Executive	272	(3)
Chief of State	272	(1)
Head of Government	272	(1)
Party Chief	272	(1)
Commander in Chief	273	(1)
Chief Diplomat	273	(2)
Dispenser of Appointments	275	(1)
Chief Legislator	275	(1)
Executive Leadership	275	(3)
Disabled Presidents	278	(3)
Cabinets	281	(2)
Who Serves in a Cabinet?	281	(1)
The Rise of Noncabinet Advisers	282	(1)
The Danger of Expecting Too Much	283	(1)
Key Terms	284	(1)
Key Websites	284	(1)
Further Reference	284	(2)
16 Administration and Bureaucracy	286	(18)
The U.S. Federal Bureaucracy	287	(2)
The Cabinet Departments	287	(1)
Federal Agencies	288	(1)
Federal Corporations	288	(1)
Independent Regulatory Agencies	288	(1)
Bureaucracies in Other Nations	289	(2)
Communist Countries	289	(1)
France	289	(1)
Germany	290	(1)
Great Britain	291	(1)
Characteristics of Bureaucracies	291	(2)
Bureaucracy in Modern Governments	293	(3)
Administration	293	(1)
Services	294	(1)
Regulation	294	(1)
Licensing	295	(1)
Information Gathering	295	(1)
The Trouble with Bureaucracy	296	(6)
The Bureaucracy: Administrator or Policymaker?	297	(2)
What to Do with Bureaucracy?	299	(3)
Bureaucracy and Society	302	(1)
Key Terms	302	(1)
Key Websites	303	(1)
Further Reference	303	(1)
17 Legal Systems and the Courts	304	(18)
Types of Law	304	(3)
Criminal Law	304	(1)
Civil Law	305	(1)
Constitutional Law	305	(1)
Administrative Law	306	(1)
International Law	306	(1)
The Courts, the Bench, and the Bar	307	(6)
The U.S. Court System	307	(3)
Judges	310	(1)
Comparing Courts	311	(1)
The British Court System	312	(1)
The European Court System	312	(1)
The Role of the Courts	313	(7)
The U.S. Supreme Court	315	(1)
The Supreme Court's Political Role	316	(1)
The Views of Judges	316	(2)
The Political Impact of the Court	318	(2)
Key Terms	320	(1)
Key Websites	321	(1)
Further Reference	321	(1)
Part V What Political Systems Do	322	(68)
18 Political Economy	322	(17)
Government and the Economy	323	(5)
Inflation	324	(1)
Tax Hike	324	(1)
Balance of Payments	324	(1)
Gold Standard	324	(1)
Wage-Price Freeze	325	(1)
Oil Shocks	325	(1)
Stagflation	326	(1)
Interest Rates	326	(1)
Tax Cut	326	(1)
Budget Deficits	327	(1)
Trade Deficits	328	(1)
Budget Balancing	328	(1)
Who Is Entitled to What?	328	(9)
The Costs of Welfare	331	(6)
How Big Should Government Be?	337	(1)
Key Terms	337	(1)
Key Websites	338	(1)
Further Reference	338	(1)
19 Violence and Revolution	339	(18)
System Breakdown	339	(6)
Violence as a Symptom	340	(1)
Types of Violence	341	(2)
Change as a Cause of Violence	343	(2)
Revolutions	345	(4)
Intellectuals and Revolution	346	(1)
The Stages of Revolution	346	(3)
After the Revolution	349	(6)
The Waning of Revolution	351	(4)
Key Terms	355	(1)
Key Websites	356	(1)
Further Reference	356	(1)
20 International Relations	357	(17)
Power and National Interest	359	(2)
The Role of Elites	361	(3)
Keeping Peace	364	(3)
World Government	364	(1)
Collective Security	365	(1)
Functionalism	365	(1)
Third-Party Assistance	366	(1)
Diplomacy	366	(1)
Peacekeeping	366	(1)
The Cold War	367	(2)
The Truman Doctrine	367	(1)
The Marshall Plan	368	(1)
Containment	368	(1)
Deterrence	368	(1)
Beyond Sovereignty?	369	(3)
The United Nations	371	(1)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization	371	(1)
Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe	372	(1)
Key Terms	372	(1)
Key Websites	372	(1)
Further Reference	373	(1)
21 The Global System	374	(16)
Historical Systems	374	(2)
The Nineteenth-Century Balance of Power System	375	(1)
The Interwar System	376	(1)
The Bipolar Cold War System	376	(1)
What System Is Emerging?	376	(7)
A Unipolar Model	377	(1)
A Hub-and-Spokes Model	377	(1)
A Multipolar Model	378	(1)
A Stratified Model	378	(1)
A Zones-of-Chaos Model	379	(1)
A Repolarized Model	379	(1)
A Globalized Model	380	(1)
A Resource-Wars Model	381	(1)
A "Clash-of-Civilizations" Model	382	(1)
A Proliferation Model	382	(1)
Foreign Policy: Involved or Isolated?	383	(4)
Key Terms	387	(1)
Key Websites	388	(1)
Further Reference	388	(2)
Index	390