Political Science : An Introduction

by Roskin, Michael G.

• ISBN13: 9780131932913
• ISBN10: 0131932918
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Exceptionally up-to-date and rich in cross-national examples,Political Science offers an unbiased and thorough introduction to the basic concepts and theories of political science. With a critical look at the major theories, it exposes students to many ways of thinking, and challenges them to think critically. Emphasizing both U.S. and comparative politics provides students with a solid foundation for connecting their studies ot what is happening in the world around them.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
Part I The Bases of Politics
A Science of Politics?	1	(17)
The Master Science	2	(3)
History	3	(1)
Human Geography	4	(1)
Economics	4	(1)
Sociology	4	(1)
Anthropology	4	(1)
Psychology	5	(1)
Political Power	5	(7)
Biological	5	(3)
Psychological	8	(1)
Cultural	8	(1)
Rational	9	(1)
Irrational	10	(1)
Power as a Composite	11	(1)
Is Politics a Science?	12	(4)
The Struggle to See Clearly	12	(3)
What Good Is Political Science?	15	(1)
Key Terms	16	(1)
Key Web Sites	17	(1)
Further Reference	17	(1)
Theories: Classic and Modern	18	(18)
Classic Theories	20	(6)
The Contractualists	22	(1)
Marxist Theories	23	(2)
Institutional Theories	25	(1)
Contemporary Theories	26	(8)
Behavioralism	26	(2)
Systems Theory	28	(3)
Modernization Theory	31	(1)
Rational-Choice Theory	32	(1)
New Institutionalism	33	(1)
Key Terms	34	(1)
Key Web Sites	34	(1)
Further Reference	35	(1)
Nations, States, and Governments	36	(18)
The Elements of Nationhood	37	(4)
Territory	37	(2)
Population	39	(1)
Independence	39	(1)
Government	40	(1)
The Crises of Nation Building	41	(3)
Identity	41	(1)
Legitimacy	41	(1)
Penetration	41	(1)
Participation	42	(1)
Distribution	42	(2)
Government: What It Is and What It Does	44	(6)
Classifying Governments	45	(2)
The State as Agent of Modernization	47	(3)
Making Public Policy	50	(2)
Public Policies: Material and Symbolic	51	(1)
Key Terms	52	(1)
Key Web Sites	53	(1)
Further Reference	53	(1)
Individuals and Constitutions	54	(17)
Constitutions in the Modern World	55	(6)
The Highest Law of the Land	56	(3)
The Purpose of a Constitution	59	(2)
The Adaptability of the U.S. Constitution	61	(4)
Can the Constitution Ensure Rights?	62	(3)
Freedom of Expression in the United States	65	(4)
Free Speech and Sedition	66	(3)
Key Terms	69	(1)
Key Web Sites	70	(1)
Further Reference	70	(1)
Democracy, Totalitarianism, and Authoritarianism	71	(21)
Modern Democracy	73	(5)
Representative Democracy	74	(4)
Democracy in Practice: Elitism or Pluralism?	78	(4)
Totalitarianism	82	(4)
What Is Totalitarianism?	82	(4)
Authoritarianism	86	(1)
Authoritarianism and the Developing Nations	87	(1)
The Democratization of Authoritarian Regimes	87	(3)
Key Terms	90	(1)
Key Web Sites	90	(1)
Further Reference	91	(1)
Part II Political Attitudes
Political Ideologies	92	(22)
What Is Ideology?	93	(1)
The Major Ideologies	93	(14)
Classic Liberalism	93	(3)
Classic Conservatism	96	(1)
Modern Liberalism	97	(1)
Modern Conservatism	98	(1)
Marxist Socialism	99	(2)
Social Democracy	101	(1)
Communism	102	(3)
Nationalism	105	(1)
Fascism	106	(1)
Ideology in Our Day	107	(4)
The Collapse of Communism	107	(1)
Neoconservatism	108	(1)
Libertarianism	109	(1)
Feminism	109	(1)
Environmentalism	110	(1)
Is Ideology Finished?	111	(1)
Key Terms	112	(1)
Key Web Sites	112	(1)
Further Reference	113	(1)
Political Culture	114	(19)
What Is Political Culture?	115	(4)
Political Culture and Public Opinion	115	(2)
Participation in America	117	(2)
The Decay of Political Culture	119	(8)
Elite and Mass Cultures	122	(1)
Political Subcultures	123	(4)
Political Socialization	127	(4)
The Agents of Socialization	127	(4)
Key Terms	131	(1)
Key Web Sites	131	(1)
Further Reference	132	(1)
Public Opinion	133	(19)
The Shape of Public Opinion	135	(6)
Social Class	136	(1)
Education	137	(1)
Region	137	(1)
Religion	138	(1)
Age	139	(1)
Gender	139	(2)
Ethnic Group	141	(1)
Public Opinion Polls	141	(4)
Polling Techniques	143	(1)
How Reliable Are the Polls?	144	(1)
American Opinion	145	(4)
Presidential Ratings	145	(1)
Liberals and Conservatives	146	(1)
Who Pays Attention?	147	(2)
Is Polling Fair?	149	(1)
Should America Be Governed by Polls?	149	(1)
Key Terms	150	(1)
Key Web Sites	150	(1)
Further Reference	151	(1)
Part III Political Interactions
Political Communication and the Media	152	(21)
Communication in Politics	153	(4)
Modern Mass Media	154	(3)
The Giant: Television	157	(9)
Television News	158	(2)
Television and Politics	160	(4)
Television: Ownership and Control	164	(2)
Are We Poorly Served?	166	(2)
What Can Be Done?	167	(1)
The Adversaries: Media and Government	168	(3)
Key Terms	171	(1)
Key Web Sites	171	(1)
Further Reference	172	(1)
Interest Groups	173	(20)
What Is an Interest Group?	173	(5)
Who Belongs to Interest Groups?	175	(1)
Interest Groups and Government	175	(2)
Bureaucrats as an Interest Group	177	(1)
Effective Interest Groups	178	(11)
Political Culture	178	(1)
The Rise of Big Money	179	(2)
The Rise of Single-Issue Groups	181	(2)
Size and Membership	183	(1)
Access	183	(2)
Strategies of Interest Groups	185	(4)
Interest Groups: An Evaluation	189	(2)
Stalemating Political Power	190	(1)
Key Terms	191	(1)
Key Web Sites	191	(1)
Further Reference	192	(1)
Political Parties and Party Systems	193	(19)
Functions of Parties	194	(2)
A Bridge between People and Government	194	(1)
Aggregation of Interests	194	(1)
Integration into the Political System	194	(1)
Political Socialization	195	(1)
Mobilization of Voters	196	(1)
Organization of Government	196	(1)
Parties in Democracies	196	(5)
Centralization	196	(3)
Setting Government Policy	199	(1)
Party Participation in Government	199	(1)
Financing the Party	200	(1)
Classifying Political Parties	201	(1)
The Party in Communist States	201	(3)
Party Systems	204	(6)
Classifying Party Systems	204	(3)
The Party System and the Electoral System	207	(2)
Are Parties Fading?	209	(1)
Key Terms	210	(1)
Key Web Sites	210	(1)
Further Reference	210	(2)
Elections	212	(21)
Why Do People Vote?	212	(3)
Who Votes?	215	(4)
Income and Education	216	(1)
Race	216	(1)
Age	217	(1)
Gender	217	(1)
Place of Residence	218	(1)
How Do People Vote?	219	(1)
Party Identification	219	(1)
Who Votes How?	220	(4)
Class Voting	221	(2)
Regional Voting	223	(1)
Religious Blocs	223	(1)
Age Groups	223	(1)
Gender Gap	223	(1)
Marriage Gap	224	(1)
Racial Minorities	224	(1)
Urban Voting	224	(1)
Electoral Realignment	224	(2)
A Reagan Realignment?	225	(1)
What Wins Elections?	226	(5)
Retrospective Voting	229	(1)
Candidate Strategies and Voter Groups	230	(1)
Key Terms	231	(1)
Key Web Sites	231	(1)
Further Reference	232	(1)
Part IV The Institutions of Politics
The Basic Institutions of Government	233	(20)
The Form of State	235	(1)
Electoral Systems	236	(4)
Single-Member Districts	236	(3)
Proportional Representation	239	(1)
Unitary or Federal Systems	240	(8)
Unitary Systems	241	(2)
Federal Systems	243	(5)
The United States: Balkanization of Government	248	(2)
The Unitary-Federal Mixture	250	(1)
Choosing Institutions	250	(1)
Key Terms	251	(1)
Key Web Sites	252	(1)
Further Reference	252	(1)
Legislatures	253	(21)
Presidential and Parliamentary Systems	255	(7)
Separation and Fusion of Powers	257	(2)
Advantages of Parliamentary Systems	259	(3)
What Legislatures Do	262	(6)
The Committee System	262	(3)
A Closer Look at Legislatures	265	(3)
The Decline of Legislatures	268	(4)
Structural Disadvantages	268	(1)
Lack of Expertise	268	(2)
Psychological Disadvantages	270	(1)
The Absentee Problem	270	(1)
Lack of Turnover	271	(1)
The Dilemma of Parliaments	271	(1)
Key Terms	272	(1)
Key Web Sites	272	(1)
Further Reference	273	(1)
Executives	274	(20)
Presidents and Prime Ministers	275	(4)
``Forming a Government'' in Britain	275	(1)
``Constructive No Confidence'' in Germany	276	(1)
``Cohabitation'' in France	276	(1)
The ``Presidentialization'' of Prime Ministers	277	(1)
Executive Terms	277	(2)
The Roles of the Executive	279	(2)
Head of State	279	(1)
Chief of Government	279	(1)
Party Chief	280	(1)
Commander in Chief	280	(1)
Chief Diplomat	281	(1)
Dispenser of Appointments	281	(1)
Chief Legislator	281	(1)
Executive Leadership	281	(2)
Disabled Presidents	283	(6)
Cabinets	289	(2)
Who Serves in a Cabinet?	289	(1)
The Rise of Noncabinet Advisers	290	(1)
The Danger of Expecting Too Much	291	(1)
Key Terms	292	(1)
Key Web Sites	292	(1)
Further Reference	293	(1)
Administration and Bureaucracy	294	(21)
The U.S. Federal Bureaucracy	295	(1)
The Cabinet Departments	295	(1)
Federal Agencies	296	(1)
Independent Regulatory Agencies	296	(1)
Bureaucracies in Other Nations	296	(4)
Communist Countries	297	(1)
France	297	(1)
Germany	298	(1)
Great Britain	299	(1)
Characteristics of Bureaucracies	300	(1)
Bureaucracy in Modern Governments	301	(5)
Administration	301	(3)
Services	304	(1)
Regulation	304	(1)
Licensing	305	(1)
Information Gathering	306	(1)
The Trouble with Bureaucracy	306	(3)
Administrator or Policymaker?	307	(1)
Adjudication	307	(1)
Discretionary Implementation	308	(1)
Rule Making	308	(1)
Advisory Roles	308	(1)
What to Do with Bureaucracy?	309	(3)
Ombudsmen	310	(1)
Legislative Checks	310	(1)
Cutting	310	(1)
Decentralization	311	(1)
Politicize the Bureaucracy	311	(1)
Bureaucracy and Society	312	(1)
Key Terms	313	(1)
Key Web Sites	313	(1)
Further Reference	313	(2)
Legal Systems and the Courts	315	(19)
Types of Law	316	(4)
Criminal Law	316	(1)
Civil Law	317	(1)
Constitutional Law	317	(1)
Administrative Law	317	(1)
International Law	318	(2)
The Courts, the Bench, and the Bar	320	(4)
The U.S. Court System	320	(1)
Judges	321	(1)
Comparing Courts	322	(1)
The British Court System	323	(1)
The European Court System	323	(1)
The Role of the Courts	324	(7)
The U.S. Supreme Court	325	(2)
The Supreme Court's Political Role	327	(1)
The Views of Judges	327	(1)
The Political Impact of the Court	328	(3)
Key Terms	331	(1)
Key Web Sites	332	(1)
Further Reference	332	(2)
Part V What Political Systems Do
Political Economy	334	(21)
Government and the Economy	335	(10)
Inflation	337	(1)
Tax Hike	337	(1)
Balance of Payments	337	(3)
Gold Standard	340	(1)
Wage-Price Freeze	340	(1)
Oil Shocks	340	(1)
Stagflation	341	(1)
Interest Rates	341	(1)
Tax Cut	342	(1)
Budget Deficits	343	(1)
Trade Deficits	344	(1)
Budget Balancing	344	(1)
Who Is Entitled to What?	345	(6)
The Costs of Welfare	348	(3)
How Big Should Government Be?	351	(2)
Key Terms	353	(1)
Key Web Sites	353	(1)
Further Reference	354	(1)
Violence and Revolution	355	(20)
System Breakdown	356	(8)
Violence as a Symptom	356	(1)
Types of Violence	357	(5)
Change as a Cause of Violence	362	(2)
Revolutions	364	(4)
Intellectuals and Revolution	364	(2)
The Stages of Revolution	366	(2)
After the Revolution	368	(5)
The Waning of Revolution	370	(3)
Key Terms	373	(1)
Key Web Sites	374	(1)
Further Reference	374	(1)
International Relations	375	(18)
Power and National Interest	377	(2)
The Role of Elites	379	(4)
Keeping Peace	383	(3)
World Government	383	(1)
Collective Security	383	(1)
Functionalism	384	(1)
Third-Party Assistance	384	(1)
Diplomacy	385	(1)
Peacekeeping	385	(1)
The Cold War	386	(3)
Truman Doctrine	386	(1)
Marshall Plan	386	(1)
Containment	387	(1)
Deterrence	387	(2)
Beyond Sovereignty?	389	(2)
The United Nations	390	(1)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization	390	(1)
Key Terms	391	(1)
Key Web Sites	391	(1)
Further Reference	392	(1)
The Global System	393	(19)
Historical Systems	394	(2)
The Nineteenth-Century Balance of Power System	395	(1)
The Interwar System	395	(1)
The Bipolar Cold War System	395	(1)
What System Is Emerging?	396	(8)
A Unipolar Model	396	(1)
A Counterweight Model	396	(1)
A Multipolar Model	397	(1)
A Stratified Model	398	(1)
A Zones-of-Chaos Model	398	(1)
A Globalized Model	398	(3)
A Resource-Wars Model	401	(1)
A ``Clash-of-Civilizations'' Model	401	(1)
A Proliferation Model	402	(2)
Foreign Policy: Involved or Isolated?	404	(6)
Cycles of U.S. Foreign Policy	405	(4)
The United States in a Dangerous World	409	(1)
Key Terms	410	(1)
Key Web Sites	411	(1)
Further Reference	411	(1)
Index	412