The Politics Of The Administrative Process

by Kettl, Donald F.

• ISBN13: 9781568029344
• ISBN10: 1568029349
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-02-28
• Publisher: Cq Pr

Table of Contents

Figures, Tables, and Boxes	xvii
Preface	xix
Abbreviations and Acronyms	xxv
Introduction	1	(24)
An Administrative State?	2	(6)
The Bureaucracy Problem	5	(1)
Bureaucracy and Size	6	(2)
The Meaning of Public Administration	8	(8)
Public versus Private Administration	9	(3)
Policy Execution versus Policy Formation	12	(4)
Administrative Responsibility	16	(1)
The Study of Public Administration	16	(7)
Time and Space: Critical or Noncritical Variables?	17	(4)
Complexity and Simplicity	21	(2)
Organization of the Book	23	(1)
Key Concepts	24	(1)
For Further Reading	24	(1)
Suggested Websites	24	(1)
Part I: The Nature of Governmental Activity	25	(24)
What Government Does---And How It Does It	27	(22)
The Functions of Government	30	(9)
What the Federal Government Does	32	(2)
What State Governments Do	34	(1)
What Local Governments Do	35	(3)
The Growth of Government	38	(1)
The Tools of Government	39	(6)
Direct Administration	40	(1)
Grants	41	(1)
Contracts	42	(1)
Regulations	43	(1)
Tax Expenditures	43	(1)
Loan Programs	44	(1)
Implications for Public Administration	45	(1)
Conclusion	46	(1)
Key Concepts	47	(1)
For Further Reading	47	(1)
Suggested Websites	48	(1)
Part II: Organization Theory and the Role of Government's Structure	49	(114)
Foundations of Organization Theory	51	(32)
The Structural Approach to Large Organizations	52	(8)
Authority and Hierarchy	54	(2)
Two Models	56	(4)
Systems Theory	60	(5)
System Boundaries	62	(1)
System Purpose	63	(2)
Challenges to the Dominant Theories	65	(1)
The Humanist Challenge	65	(5)
Jobs, Productivity, and Happiness	66	(1)
Ideology	67	(1)
Sensitivity Training and Organization Development	68	(2)
The Pluralist Challenge	70	(3)
Organization Culture	71	(1)
Assessment	72	(1)
The Challenge of Third-Party Administration	73	(2)
Formal Models of Bureaucracy	75	(3)
Principals and Agents	76	(2)
Conclusion	78	(2)
Key Concepts	80	(1)
For Further Reading	80	(1)
Suggested Websites	81	(2)
Strategies and Tactics for Administrative Reform	83	(24)
Reform in America	83	(17)
Conflicting Theories	84	(1)
Downsizing	85	(5)
Reengineering	90	(6)
Continuous Improvement	96	(2)
Assessing the Reforms	98	(2)
All the World's a Stage	100	(2)
Conclusion	102	(2)
Key Concepts	104	(1)
For Further Reading	104	(1)
Suggested Websites	105	(2)
The Executive Branch	107	(32)
Executive Branch Components	109	(11)
Cabinet Departments	111	(1)
Independent Agencies	112	(3)
Bureaus	115	(1)
Field Offices	116	(4)
Direction of the Executive Branch	120	(12)
Problems for Executive Management	122	(1)
The Executive Office and the White House	123	(4)
The Office of Management and Budget	127	(2)
The National Security Council	129	(2)
The Office of Policy Development	131	(1)
E-government	132	(3)
Conclusion	135	(1)
Key Concepts	136	(1)
For Further Reading	136	(1)
Suggested Websites	136	(3)
Organization Problems	139	(24)
The Search for Effective Organization	140	(15)
Organizational Criteria	142	(2)
Interagency Conflict	144	(3)
Interagency Coordination	147	(3)
The Role of Staff	150	(5)
Reorganization	155	(4)
Comprehensive Reorganization	156	(2)
Obstacles to Reorganization	158	(1)
Conclusion	159	(1)
Key Concepts	160	(1)
For Further Reading	160	(1)
Suggested Websites	161	(2)
Part III: People in Government Organizations	163	(62)
The Civil Service	165	(30)
Public Employment	166	(3)
Fundamental Elements of the Civil Service System	169	(14)
Position Classification	169	(4)
Staffing	173	(6)
Compensation	179	(4)
Employee Rights and Obligations	183	(10)
Unionization and Collective Bargaining	184	(5)
The Right to Privacy	189	(1)
Political Activity	190	(3)
Conclusion	193	(1)
Key Concepts	193	(1)
For Further Reading	194	(1)
Suggested Websites	194	(1)
Managing Human Capital	195	(30)
The Human Capital Challenge	196	(4)
Building Human Capital	196	(3)
Federal Reform	199	(1)
New Flexibility for the Personnel System	200	(6)
Departmental Flexibilities	202	(2)
Rethinking the Meaning of Merit	204	(2)
Leadership in the Public Service	206	(1)
Political Leadership	207	(8)
Recruitment	209	(3)
Turnover	212	(2)
How Many Are Too Many?	214	(1)
Career Leadership	215	(5)
Operation	216	(1)
Issues	217	(3)
The Problem of Top-Level Leadership	220	(2)
Conclusion	222	(1)
Key Concepts	223	(1)
For Further Reading	223	(1)
Suggested Websites	223	(2)
Part IV: Making and Implementing Government Decisions	225	(140)
Decision Making	227	(34)
Basic Problems	228	(2)
Information	228	(1)
Values	229	(1)
Rational Decision Making	230	(7)
Basic Steps	231	(1)
Example: The Planning-Programming-Budgeting System	232	(2)
Appraisal	234	(2)
Strategic Planning	236	(1)
Bargaining	237	(5)
Example: The Cuban Missile Crisis	238	(2)
Appraisal	240	(2)
Participative Decision Making	242	(5)
Example: The Federal Level	243	(1)
Example: The Local Level	244	(2)
Appraisal	246	(1)
Public Choice	247	(4)
Example: Banks and Bubbles	248	(1)
Appraisal	249	(2)
Limits on Decision Making	251	(6)
Uncertainty	252	(2)
Information Pathologies	254	(2)
Crisis	256	(1)
Conclusion	257	(2)
Key Concepts	259	(1)
For Further Reading	259	(1)
Suggested Websites	259	(2)
Budgeting	261	(34)
The Dual Roles of the Budget	262	(9)
The Economic Role	262	(7)
The Political Development of the Budgetary Process	269	(2)
Budget Making	271	(5)
Budgeting: Top-Down	271	(1)
Budgeting: Bottom-Up	272	(4)
Budget Appropriation	276	(12)
Congressional Budget Decisions	278	(2)
Shrinking Power for Authorizers and Appropriators	280	(2)
Reforming the Budget Process	282	(4)
Back-Door Tactics for Increasing Spending	286	(2)
Budget Execution	288	(4)
Controls on Executive Action	288	(2)
Management Control	290	(2)
Conclusion	292	(1)
Key Concepts	293	(1)
For Further Reading	293	(1)
Suggested Websites	294	(1)
Implementation	295	(40)
Judging Program Success and Failure	296	(4)
What Are Success and Failure?	297	(1)
The Evolution of Goals	298	(1)
Standards for Judging Results	299	(1)
Problems of Performance	300	(5)
Practical Uncertainty	300	(1)
Inadequate Resources	301	(1)
Organizational Problems	302	(2)
Uneven Leadership	304	(1)
Dependence on Others	304	(1)
Intergovernmental Relations	305	(8)
Administration through Grant Programs	306	(3)
Administration through Regulation	309	(2)
Administration through Off-Budget Programs	311	(1)
Implementation Problems	312	(1)
A Cornerstone of Implementation	313	(1)
Contracting	313	(7)
Advantages	315	(2)
Problems	317	(3)
The Government's Dilemma	320	(5)
What Goals?	321	(1)
What Information?	322	(1)
A Program That Works	323	(2)
The Importance of Feedback	325	(4)
Administrative Feedback	325	(1)
Backward Mapping	326	(1)
Formal Program Evaluation	327	(1)
Results-Based Management	327	(2)
Conclusion	329	(3)
Key Concepts	332	(1)
For Further Reading	333	(1)
Suggested Websites	333	(2)
Regulation and the Courts	335	(30)
Regulation as a Foundation for Government's Work	336	(3)
The Regulatory Task	339	(9)
Kinds of Regulations	339	(4)
State and Local Regulations	343	(1)
Statutory Mandates	344	(2)
Expertise	346	(2)
Regulatory Procedure	348	(4)
Administrative Rulemaking	349	(2)
Judicial Review of Rulemaking	351	(1)
Courts' Regulation of the Regulators	352	(8)
Access to the Courts	352	(4)
Systems and Values	356	(4)
Presidential Regulation of the Regulators	360	(2)
Conclusion	362	(1)
Key Concepts	363	(1)
For Further Reading	363	(1)
Suggested Websites	363	(2)
Part V: Administration in a Democracy	365	(50)
Legislative Control of Administration	367	(26)
The Paradox of Oversight	368	(3)
The Purposes of Oversight	370	(1)
Committee Oversight of Administration	371	(9)
Varieties of Committee Review	372	(2)
The Need for Information	374	(1)
Barriers to Information Flow	374	(3)
Staffing to Stem the Tide	377	(3)
The Government Accountability Office	380	(6)
An Era of Detailed Control	381	(1)
Reorientation	382	(3)
Criticisms	385	(1)
Performance-Based Information	386	(3)
Conclusion	389	(2)
Key Concepts	391	(1)
For Further Reading	391	(1)
Suggested Websites	391	(2)
Conclusion	393	(22)
Bureaucratic Accountability	394	(12)
Theoretical Approaches	394	(2)
Complications	396	(2)
Accountability Systems	398	(7)
Solutions?	405	(1)
Ethics	406	(7)
Screening Prospective Appointees	407	(1)
Monitoring On-the-Job Behavior	408	(2)
Work after Leaving Government	410	(1)
The Dilemma	411	(2)
The Public Service	413	(1)
Key Concepts	414	(1)
For Further Reading	414	(1)
Suggested Websites	414	(1)
Notes	415	(56)
Case Appendix	471	(54)
Case 1. From the Front Lines of the Administrative State	473	(4)
Speed limits, and what governmental rules and regulations mean in actual practice
Case 2. From the Front Lines of What Government Does	477	(3)
The 2004 flu vaccine shortage and the powers and constraints upon government
Case 3. From the Front Lines of Organization Theory	480	(4)
Problems of coordination and organizational culture affecting the national intelligence agencies
Case 4. From the Front Lines of Administrative Reform	484	(4)
FEMA and hurricane disaster relief: the agency in 1992 vs. 2004
Case 5. From the Front Lines of Executive Branch Organization	488	(4)
The 9/11 Commission's call for a National Intelligence Director
Case 6. From the Front Lines of Organization Problems	492	(4)
Schwarzenegger's California Performance Review and the reorganization of the Board for Guide Dogs for the Blind
Case 7. From the Front Lines of Civil Service	496	(3)
The privatization of a Virginia city's trash collection service
Case 8. From the Front Lines of Human Capital	499	(4)
GAO, OPM, and OMB's combined strategy for maximizing human capital: an executive summary
Case 9. From the Front Lines of Decision Making	503	(4)
Alan Greenspan and changes in decision-making strategies at the Federal Reserve
Case 10. From the Front Lines of Budgeting	507	(3)
Pennsylvania's SEPTA system and the politics of budgeting
Case 11. From the Front Lines of Implementation	510	(4)
Taser gun use by Florida police and the subjective discretion of street-level bureaucrats
Case 12. From the Front Lines of Regulation	514	(4)
Eliot Spitzer, the Clean Air Act, and the Bush administration
Case 13. From the Front Lines of Legislative Oversight	518	(4)
The Vioxx recall and problems of oversight at the FDA
Case 14. From the Front Lines of Government Ethics	522	(3)
Unethical contracting practices at the Pentagon
Index	525	(21)
About the Authors	546