Politics Among Nations

by Morgenthau, Hans; Thompson, Kenneth; Clinton, David

• ISBN13: 9780072895391
• ISBN10: 007289539X
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-19
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

Summary

"Hans Morgenthau's classic text established realism as the fundamental way of thinking about international relations. Although realism has had its critics, the fact that Politics Among Nations continues to be used in international relations courses attests to its enduring value. Someone has said that the study of international relations has for half a century been nothing so much as a dialogue between Morgenthau, those who embrace his approach, and those who turn elsewhere for enlightenment. After more than 50 years, the dialogue between Morgenthau's ideas and scholars from around the world continues, with even greater relevance in a time where international terrorism has become the focal point in the field of international relations." "The new edition preserves Morgenthau's original work while adding an extensive, 40-page introduction by the editors, who explore the relevance of Politics Among Nations for a new era. The perspectives of a dozen statesmen, scholars, and observers follow Morgenthau's seminal work, each offering important insights on Morgenthau's concepts and ideas as they relate to current crises and global challenges."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Foreword	xvii
PART ONE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS	1	(26)
A Realist Theory of International Politics	3	(14)
Six Principles of Political Realism	4	(13)
The Science of International Politics	17	(10)
Understanding International Politics	17	(7)
Different Approaches	17	(2)
Limitations to Understanding	19	(5)
Understanding the Problem of International Peace	24	(3)
PART TWO INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AS A STRUGGLE FOR POWER	27	(84)
Political Power	29	(21)
What Is Political Power?	29	(6)
As Means to the Nation's Ends	29	(1)
Its Nature: Four Distinctions	30	(5)
The Depreciation of Political Power	35	(3)
Two Roots of the Depreciation of Political Power	38	(3)
Nineteenth-Century Philosophy	39	(1)
The American Experience	39	(2)
The Science of Peace: Contemporary Utopianism	41	(9)
The Struggle for Power: Policy of the Status QUO	50	(6)
The Struggle for Power: Imperialism	56	(27)
What Imperialism Is Not	56	(3)
Economic Theories of Imperialism	59	(5)
The Marxist, Liberal, and ``Devil'' Theories of Imperialism	59	(2)
Criticism of These Theories	61	(3)
Different Types of Imperialism	64	(10)
Three Inducements to Imperialism	65	(1)
Victorious War	65	(1)
Lost War	65	(1)
Weakness	66	(1)
Three Goals of Imperialism	66	(1)
World Empire	67	(1)
Continental Empire	67	(1)
Local Preponderance	68	(1)
Three Methods of Imperialism	69	(1)
Military Imperialism	69	(1)
Economic Imperialism	70	(4)
How to Detect and Counter an Imperialistic Policy	74	(9)
The Problem of Policy: Containment, Appeasement, Fear	75	(4)
The Problem of Detection	79	(4)
The Struggle for Power: Policy of Prestige	83	(14)
Diplomatic Ceremonial	84	(5)
Display of Military Force	89	(1)
Two Objectives of the Policy of Prestige	90	(3)
Three Corruptions of the Policy of Prestige	93	(4)
The Ideological Element in International Policies	97	(14)
The Nature of Political Ideologies	97	(3)
Typical Ideologies of Foreign Policies	100	(8)
Ideologies of the Status Quo	100	(2)
Ideologies of Imperialism	102	(4)
Ambiguous Ideologies	106	(2)
The Problem of Recognition	108	(3)
PART THREE NATIONAL POWER	111	(66)
The Essence of National Power	113	(9)
What Is National Power?	113	(3)
Roots of Modern Nationalism	116	(6)
Retreat from Nationalism: Apparent and Real	116	(2)
Personal Insecurity and Social Disintegration	118	(4)
Elements of National Power	122	(41)
Geography	122	(2)
Natural Resources	124	(7)
Food	124	(2)
Raw Materials	126	(1)
The Power of Oil	127	(4)
Industrial Capacity	131	(2)
Military Preparedness	133	(4)
Technology	133	(2)
Leadership	135	(1)
Quantity and Quality of Armed Forces	136	(1)
Population	137	(3)
Distribution	137	(2)
Trends	139	(1)
National Character	140	(7)
Its Existence	140	(2)
The Russian National Character	142	(3)
National Character and National Power	145	(2)
National Morale	147	(5)
Its Instability	147	(2)
The Quality of Society and Government as Decisive Factors	149	(3)
The Quality of Diplomacy	152	(4)
The Quality of Government	156	(7)
The Problem of Balance Between Resources and Policy	156	(1)
The Problem of Balance Among Resources	157	(1)
The Problem of Popular Support	158	(4)
Domestic Government and Foreign Policy	162	(1)
Evaluation of National Power	163	(14)
The Task of Evaluation	163	(3)
Typical Errors of Evaluation	166	(11)
The Absolute Character of Power	166	(2)
The Permanent Character of Power	168	(2)
The Fallacy of the Single Factor	170	(1)
Geopolitics	170	(1)
Nationalism	171	(2)
Militarism	173	(4)
PART FOUR LIMITATIONS OF NATIONAL POWER: The Balance of Power	177	(56)
The Balance of Power	179	(11)
Social Equilibrium	179	(5)
Balance of Power as Universal Concept	179	(2)
Balance of Power in Domestic Politics	181	(3)
Two Main Patterns of the Balance of Power	184	(6)
The Pattern of Direct Opposition	184	(2)
The Pattern of Competition	186	(3)
Korea and the Balance of Power	189	(1)
Different Methods of the Balance of Power	190	(19)
Divide and Rule	190	(1)
Compensations	191	(1)
Armaments	192	(1)
Alliances	193	(11)
The General Nature of Alliances	193	(5)
Alliances vs. World Domination	198	(2)
Alliances vs. Counteralliances	200	(4)
The ``Holder'' of the Balance	204	(5)
The Structure of the Balance of Power	209	(4)
Dominant and Dependent Systems	209	(2)
Structural Changes in the Balance of Power	211	(2)
Evaluation of the Balance of Power	213	(20)
The Uncertainty of the Balance of Power	214	(4)
The Unreality of the Balance of Power	218	(6)
The Balance of Power as Ideology	222	(2)
The Inadequacy of the Balance of Power	224	(9)
Restraining Influence of a Moral Consensus	224	(4)
Moral Consensus of the Modern State System	228	(5)
PART FIVE LIMITATIONS OF NATIONAL POWER: International Morality and World Public Opinion	233	(48)
Morality, Mores, and Law as Restraints on Power	235	(5)
International Morality	240	(30)
The Protection of Human Life	241	(10)
Protection of Human Life in Peace	241	(3)
Protection of Human Life in War	244	(3)
Moral Condemnation of War	247	(1)
International Morality and Total War	248	(3)
Universal Morality vs. Nationalistic Universalism	251	(19)
Personal Ethics of the Aristocratic International	251	(4)
Destruction of International Morality	255	(2)
Destruction of International Society	257	(2)
Victory of Nationalism over Internationalism	259	(2)
Transformation of Nationalism	261	(4)
Human Rights and International Morality	265	(5)
World Public Opinion	270	(11)
Psychological Unity of the World	272	(1)
Ambiguity of Technological Unification	273	(2)
The Barrier of Nationalism	275	(6)
PART SIX LIMITATIONS OF NATIONAL POWER International Law	281	(54)
The Main Problems of International Law	283	(34)
The General Nature of International Law	283	(3)
The Legislative Function in International Law	286	(6)
Its Decentralized Character	286	(3)
Interpretation and Binding Force	289	(3)
The Judicial Function in International Law	292	(8)
Compulsory Jurisdiction	293	(1)
The Optional Clause	294	(3)
International Courts	297	(2)
The Effect of Judicial Decisions	299	(1)
The Enforcement of International Law	300	(17)
Its Decentralized Character	300	(3)
Treaties of Guaranty	303	(1)
Collective Security	304	(1)
Article 16 of the Covenant of the League of Nations	305	(4)
Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations	309	(3)
The Veto	312	(2)
The ``Uniting for Peace'' Resolution	314	(3)
Sovereignty	317	(18)
The General Nature of Sovereignty	317	(2)
Synonyms of Sovereignty: Independence, Equality, Unanimity	319	(2)
What Sovereignty Is Not	321	(1)
How Sovereignty Is Lost	322	(7)
Majority Vote in International Organizations	326	(3)
Is Sovereignty Divisible?	329	(6)
PART SEVEN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD	335	(64)
The New Moral Force of Nationalistic Universalism	337	(10)
Nationalism, Old and New	337	(2)
The Struggle for the Minds of Men	339	(2)
Three Principles of Propaganda	341	(6)
The New Balance of Power	347	(30)
Inflexibility of the New Balance of Power	347	(4)
Numerical Reduction of Great Powers	347	(2)
The Bipolarity of Power	349	(1)
The Tendency Toward a Two-Bloc System	350	(1)
Disappearance of the Balancer	351	(3)
The Problem of a ``Third Force''	352	(2)
Disappearance of the Colonial Frontier	354	(3)
The Colonial Revolution	357	(1)
The Decline of the West	358	(5)
Potentialities of the Bipolar System	363	(14)
The Possibility of Its Breakup	363	(1)
Continuation of the Cold War	364	(2)
The New Diplomacy of Movement	366	(4)
Detente and Peaceful Coexistence	370	(7)
Total War	377	(22)
War of Total Populations	379	(3)
War by Total Populations	382	(1)
War Against Total Populations	383	(1)
The Mechanization of Warfare	384	(5)
The Mechanization of Weapons	385	(3)
The Mechanization of Transportation and Communications	388	(1)
War for Total Stakes	389	(3)
Total Mechanization, Total War, and Total Dominion	392	(7)
PART EIGHT THE PROBLEM OF PEACE Peace Through Limitation	399	(104)
Disarmament	401	(33)
The Problem of Peace in Our Time	401	(2)
The History of Disarmament	403	(5)
The Failures	404	(3)
The Successes	407	(1)
Four Problems of Disarmament	408	(15)
The Ratio	408	(4)
The World Disarmament Conference	412	(1)
Disarmament Negotiations Since the Second World War	413	(1)
Standards of Allocation	414	(3)
Does Disarmament Mean Reduction of Armaments?	417	(2)
Does Disarmament Mean Peace?	419	(4)
Arms Control in the Nuclear Age	423	(11)
Security	434	(12)
Collective Security	434	(9)
The Italo-Ethiopian War	440	(1)
The Korean War	441	(2)
An International Police Force	443	(3)
Judicial Settlement	446	(9)
The Nature of the Judicial Function	446	(2)
The Nature of International Conflicts: Tensions and Disputes	448	(4)
Pure Disputes	449	(1)
Disputes with the Substance of a Tension	449	(1)
Disputes Representing a Tension	450	(2)
Limitations of the Judicial Function	452	(3)
Peaceful Change	455	(8)
Peaceful Change Within the State	455	(4)
Peaceful Change in International Affairs	459	(4)
Article 19 of the Covenant of the League of Nations	460	(1)
The Charter of the United Nations	461	(2)
International Government	463	(20)
The Holy Alliance	463	(8)
History	463	(2)
Government by the Great Powers	465	(1)
Dual Meaning of the Status Quo	466	(1)
Peace, Order, and the National Interest	467	(3)
The Concert of Europe	470	(1)
The League of Nations	471	(12)
Organization	472	(2)
Dual Meaning of the Status Quo: France vs. Great Britain	474	(2)
Three Weaknesses of the League of Nations	476	(1)
Constitutional Weakness	477	(1)
Structural Weakness	478	(2)
Political Weakness	480	(3)
International Government: the United Nations	483	(20)
The United Nations According to the Charter	483	(4)
Government by Superpowers	483	(3)
Undefined Principles of Justice	486	(1)
The United Nations---Political Reality	487	(13)
The Rise and Decline of the General Assembly	487	(11)
New Procedures	498	(2)
The United Nations and the Problem of Peace	500	(3)
PART NINE THE PROBLEM OF PEACE Peace Through Transformation	503	(34)
The World State	505	(16)
Conditions of Domestic Peace	506	(6)
Suprasectional Loyalties	506	(2)
Expectation of Justice	508	(1)
Overwhelming Power	509	(1)
The Role of the State	510	(2)
The Problem of the World State	512	(4)
Two Schools of Thought	513	(1)
The Triple Test of Popular Support	514	(2)
Two False Solutions	516	(5)
World Conquest	517	(1)
The Examples of Switzerland and the United States	518	(3)
The World Community	521	(16)
The Cultural Approach: Unesco	521	(5)
Cultural Development and Peace	523	(1)
Cultural Unity and Peace	523	(1)
International Understanding and Peace	524	(2)
The Functional Approach	526	(11)
The Specialized Agencies of the United Nations	526	(4)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	530	(2)
The European Communities	532	(2)
Agencies for Economic and Technical Assistance	534	(3)
PART TEN THE PROBLEM OF PEACE Peace Through Accommodation	537	(32)
Diplomacy	539	(12)
Four Tasks of Diplomacy	539	(2)
Instruments of Diplomacy	541	(4)
Symbolic Representation	542	(1)
Legal Representation	543	(1)
Political Representation	543	(2)
The Decline of Diplomacy	545	(6)
The Development of Communications	545	(1)
The Depreciation of Diplomacy	546	(1)
Diplomacy by Parliamentary Procedures	547	(1)
The Superpowers: Newcomers to Diplomacy	548	(1)
The Nature of Contemporary World Politics	549	(2)
The Future of Diplomacy	551	(18)
How Can Diplomacy Be Revived?	551	(7)
The Vice of Publicity	551	(3)
The Vice of Majority Decision	554	(2)
The Vice of Fragmentation	556	(2)
The Promise of Diplomacy: Its Nine Rules	558	(8)
Four Fundamental Rules	559	(4)
Five Prerequisites of Compromise	563	(3)
Conclusion	566	(3)
APPENDIX A UPDATING REALISM FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY	569	(59)
The False Promise of International Institutions	569	(16)
John J. Mearsheimer
Realist Constructivism	585	(16)
J. Samuel Barkin
The English School vs. American Realism: A Meeting of Minds or Divided by a Common Language?	601	(6)
Richard Little
Morgenthau: Politics as the Struggle for Power	607	(9)
Ashley Tellis
An Iraq Retrospect	616	(5)
Admiral William J. Crowe, Jr.
New Departures in the Philosophies of International Politics	621	(1)
General Brent Scowcroft
Did the United States Win the Cold War?	622	(6)
Ambassador David D. Newson
APPENDIX B CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS	628	(21)
Bibliography	649	(24)
Historical Glossary	673	(16)
Index	689