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Professor Jane Plant is a leading geochemist based at Imperial who has made major contributions to Earth and Environmental Science, concentrating on issues of particular relevance to society.
Professor Plant is an international expert on chemicals in the environment, especially the naturally occurring radionuclides such as uranium and the trace elements arsenic and selenium. She developed the BGS Geochemical Baseline of the Environment (G-BASE) programme which maps the distribution of many different chemicals over the land surface of the UK and allows their interactions to be studied using geographical information systems or other digital methods. She developed the methods of systematically and reproducibly sampling and analysing sediment, soil and water samples, as well as the first quality-control systems for such data. The standard of the data is widely acknowledged as the best in the world, and the methods have been adopted by the IUGS/IAGC Global Geochemical Baseline Programme, which she leads jointly with the United States Geological Survey. She has used the data for many environmental studies, including issues related to human health and agriculture. She and her team have worked on problems related to human health in Asia and Africa helping, for example, to identify the relationship between a lack of available selenium in parts of China with the incidence of a type of heart disease.
Forewords | p. xi |
Tribute | p. xiii |
The Editors | p. xv |
Contributors | p. xvii |
Acknowledgements | p. xix |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The scientific appraisal of hazardous substances in the environment | p. 5 |
Introduction | p. 5 |
Fundamental concepts of toxicology | p. 5 |
Some notions of environmental epidemiology | p. 13 |
Scientific evidence and the precautionary principle | p. 19 |
Uncertainty and controversy: the endocrine disruption example | p. 20 |
Concluding remarks | p. 23 |
References | p. 23 |
Regulatory systems and guidelines for the management of risk | p. 27 |
Introduction | p. 27 |
Current regulation on chemicals | p. 28 |
Guideline values | p. 34 |
Conclusions and recommendations | p. 47 |
References | p. 47 |
Essential and beneficial trace elements | p. 53 |
Introduction | p. 53 |
Hazardous properties | p. 56 |
Sources | p. 59 |
Environmental pathways | p. 63 |
Effects on human receptors | p. 68 |
Risk reduction | p. 77 |
References | p. 79 |
Toxic trace elements | p. 87 |
Introduction | p. 87 |
Hazardous properties | p. 89 |
Sources | p. 90 |
Environmental pathways | p. 94 |
Effects on human receptors | p. 101 |
Risk reduction | p. 107 |
References | p. 108 |
Radioactivity and radioelements | p. 115 |
Introduction | p. 115 |
Hazardous properties | p. 122 |
Sources | p. 125 |
Environmental pathways | p. 132 |
Bioaccessibility and bioavailability | p. 136 |
Risk reduction | p. 139 |
References | p. 141 |
Industrial chemicals | p. 147 |
Introduction | p. 147 |
Hazardous properties | p. 148 |
Sources | p. 156 |
Environmental pathways | p. 161 |
Human health | p. 164 |
Risk reduction and future trends | p. 170 |
References | p. 172 |
Agricultural pesticides and chemical fertilisers | p. 181 |
Introduction | p. 181 |
Pesticides | p. 183 |
Fertilisers | p. 195 |
Risk reduction for pesticides and chemical fertilisers | p. 197 |
References | p. 199 |
Pharmaceuticals and personal-care products | p. 207 |
Introduction | p. 207 |
Hazardous properties | p. 208 |
Anthropogenic sources | p. 210 |
Pathways and environmental fate | p. 215 |
Physiological effects | p. 218 |
Risk assessment, communication and reduction | p. 219 |
Future trends | p. 220 |
References | p. 221 |
Naturally occurring oestrogens | p. 229 |
Introduction | p. 229 |
Hazardous properties | p. 231 |
Sources | p. 240 |
Environmental pathways | p. 241 |
Effects on humans | p. 243 |
Risk reduction | p. 248 |
References | p. 249 |
Airborne particles | p. 255 |
Introduction | p. 255 |
Hazardous properties | p. 257 |
Sources | p. 261 |
Global pathways | p. 266 |
Health effects of inhaled particulate material | p. 270 |
Risk reduction and future trends | p. 277 |
References | p. 281 |
Engineered nanomaterials | p. 287 |
Introduction | p. 287 |
Useful and hazardous properties | p. 289 |
Sources of NPs | p. 299 |
Environmental pathways | p. 300 |
Regulation and effects on human receptors | p. 301 |
Future trends and risk reduction | p. 312 |
References | p. 313 |
Conclusions: pollutants, risk and society | p. 319 |
Index | p. 327 |
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