Polyesters and polyamides

by Alagirusamy, R.

• ISBN13: 9781420079722
• ISBN10: 1420079727
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-07-11
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Polyester and polyamides remain the most used group of synthetic fibres. This authoritative book reviews their methods of production, ways of improving their functionality and their wide range of applications.The first part of the book describes raw materials and manufacturing processes, including environmental issues. Part two considers ways of improving the functionality of polyester and polyamide fibres, including blending, weaving, coloration and other finishing techniques as well as new techniques such as nanotechnology. The final part of the book reviews the range of uses of these important fibres, from apparel and sportswear to automotive, medical and civil engineering applications.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Polyester and polyamides will be a standard reference for all those using this important group of fibres.

Table of Contents

Contributor contact details	p. xiii
Woodhead Publishing in Textiles	p. xvii
Polyester and polyamide fundamentals	p. 1
Polyester resins	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Classification	p. 4
History	p. 8
Polymerization methods	p. 10
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)	p. 12
Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)	p. 20
Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)	p. 23
Poly(1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate) (PCT)	p. 26
Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN)	p. 27
Polylactic acid (PLA)	p. 31
World market	p. 32
Future trends	p. 34
Acknowledgements	p. 34
Sources of further information and advice	p. 35
References	p. 35
Polyamide fibers	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Nylon 66	p. 42
Nylon 6	p. 44
Thermal properties of nylon fibers	p. 48
Physical structure of nylon fiber	p. 50
Mechanical behavior of nylon fibers	p. 54
Applications of nylon fibers	p. 58
References	p. 60
Manufacture of polyester fibres	p. 62
Introduction	p. 62
Raw materials of polyester fibres in industry	p. 67
Polymerisation process of polyester fibres in industry	p. 74
Fundamental principles and types of melt spinning process	p. 77
Heat setting and textured yarn of filament	p. 85
High speed spinning and novel spinning	p. 88
Acknowledgements	p. 94
References	p. 95
Manufacture of polyamide fibres	p. 97
Introduction	p. 97
Nylon 6,6	p. 98
Nylon 6	p. 100
Effect of temperature	p. 102
Effect of water concentration	p. 102
Effect of stabilizer type and amount	p. 103
Reactor design	p. 104
Synthesis of modified polyamides (nylon 6)	p. 114
Modification at polymerization stage	p. 116
Dyeability of nylon 6	p. 118
Cationic dyeable nylon 6	p. 120
Antistatic and hydrophilic nylon 6	p. 121
Flame retardant nylon 6	p. 122
Elements of melt spinning process of nylons	p. 122
Structure development during melt spinning of polyamides	p. 124
Spinning of nylon 6	p. 129
Drawing and heat setting	p. 131
Mechanism of drawing in polyamides	p. 134
Heat setting	p. 135
References	p. 137
Poly(Iactic acid) fibers (PLA)	p. 140
Introduction	p. 140
Chemistry and manufacture of PLA polymer resin	p. 141
PLA fiber properties	p. 146
Applications	p. 149
Environmental sustainability	p. 161
Future trends	p. 167
References	p. 168
Environmental impact of polyester and polyamide textiles	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Types of environmental impact	p. 171
Pollution types	p. 172
Pollution prevention and control	p. 172
Environmental impact of textile production processes and use conditions	p. 177
Use conditions	p. 185
Pollution control strategies	p. 186
Eco-friendly technology options	p. 190
Future trends	p. 193
Sources of further information and advice	p. 194
References	p. 195
Improving functionality of polyesters and polyamides	p. 201
Specialty fibers from polyesters and polyamides	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Production, properties and applications of physically modified fibers	p. 204
Production, properties and applications of chemically modified fibers	p. 209
Design and process control aspects	p. 215
Future trends	p. 216
References	p. 217
Property enhancement through blending	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
Staple fibre blending	p. 220
Evaluation of the blend	p. 222
Migration	p. 225
De-blending	p. 227
Selection of blend constituents	p. 227
Blend ratio	p. 231
Types of blending operation	p. 233
Influence of fibre properties and blend ratio on yarn properties	p. 234
Blended yarn structures	p. 240
Blending for speciality products	p. 245
Summary	p. 251
References	p. 251
Weaving technology for manufacturing high performance fabrics	p. 253
Principles of fabric formation	p. 253
Fundamentals of woven structure	p. 254
Basic weaves	p. 255
Theoretical considerations in woven structure	p. 257
High performance fabric	p. 259
Yarn preparation for high quality fabric	p. 260
Weaving systems	p. 262
Production of some speciality fabrics	p. 269
Future outlook in weaving	p. 276
References	p. 277
Advances in coloration of polyester textiles	p. 279
Evolution of dyeing of polyester	p. 279
Disperse dyes	p. 280
Theory of dyeing with disperse dyes	p. 283
Effect of fibre structure on dyeing	p. 287
Dyeing procedures	p. 289
New methods of dyeing	p. 292
Dyeing of chemically modified polyester fibres	p. 295
References	p. 298
Flame-retardant polyester and polyamide textiles	p. 306
Background	p. 306
Introduction	p. 307
Testing procedure and hazard assessments - general aspects	p. 308
Polyesters	p. 314
Polyamides	p. 318
Conclusions and future trends	p. 320
Sources for further information and advice	p. 321
References	p. 321
Advances in functional finishes for polyester and polyamide-based textiles	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
Properties and uses of polyester and polyamide fibre/textiles	p. 326
Imparting functionality through finishing/coating/laminating	p. 327
Recent advances in finishing	p. 345
Future trends	p. 348
Sources of further information and advice	p. 348
References	p. 349
The impact of nanotechnology on polyesters, polyamides and other textiles	p. 354
Introduction	p. 354
What is nanotechnology?	p. 354
Origin of nanotechnology	p. 355
Nanotechnology: applications in textiles	p. 356
Nanotechnology based surface modification of textiles	p. 357
Nanocoatings	p. 370
Nanocomposite coatings	p. 379
Nanotechnology based fiber modifications	p. 380
Polymer/clay nanocomposite fibers (PCNF)	p. 389
Carbon nanotube (CNT) based nanocomposite fibers	p. 394
Nanoparticle based nanocomposite fibers	p. 397
Nanofibers	p. 398
Future trends	p. 406
References	p. 409
Applications of fibrous polyesters and polyamides	p. 417
Polyester and polyamide fibres - apparel applications	p. 419
Introduction	p. 419
Properties of polyesters and polyamides and their suitability for apparel applications	p. 421
Different fibre types for apparel purpose	p. 422
Blends of polyamide and polyester	p. 426
Apparel applications of polyamide and polyester fabric	p. 430
Comparison of polyesters and polyamides	p. 430
Pivotal fibre modification	p. 431
Current market potentials	p. 436
Future prospects	p. 438
Acknowledgement	p. 439
References	p. 439
Polyester and nylon based textiles in biomedical engineering	p. 441
Introduction	p. 441
Textiles for biomedicine	p. 442
Textiles for hygiene products	p. 482
Intelligent textiles	p. 492
Conclusion	p. 495
References	p. 496
Sports applications	p. 505
Introduction	p. 505
Fibre developments and characteristics	p. 508
Design considerations	p. 513
Textile selection	p. 516
Future trends	p. 520
Sources of further information and advice	p. 523
References	p. 524
Automotive applications	p. 525
Introduction	p. 525
Polyester and polyamide fibres for automotive use in terms of fibre performance requirements	p. 527
Rubber composite parts	p. 530
Internal safety systems	p. 533
Car interiors	p. 536
Others	p. 538
Conclusion	p. 539
References and bibliography	p. 540
Applications of polyesters and polyamides in civil engineering	p. 542
Introduction	p. 542
Polyester and polyamide fibres and structures for civil construction applications	p. 542
Synthetic fibre-reinforced concrete	p. 545
Geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications	p. 558
Textile architectural applications	p. 566
Ocean engineering applications	p. 578
References	p. 587
Index	p. 593
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