Power Distribution System Reliability: Practical Methods and Applications

by Ali Chowdhury; Don Koval

• ISBN13: 9780470459348
• ISBN10: 0470459344
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2011-04-01
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

Reliable power distribution systems are essential to maintain a functioning society. This book covers the fundamentals of reliability analysis as they apply to the planning and design of utility, industrial, and commercial electric power distribution systems. The book covers concepts of reliability analysis by probability methods, fundamentals of power system reliability evaluation, economic evaluation, and equipment. The presentation is self-contained and actual utility and industrial power system design problems are presented and fully worked out. This is a practical, hands-on book for engineers, professionals, and students.

Author Biography

ALI A. CHOWDHURY, PhD, FIEEE, is Director of Regional Transmission for the California Independent System Operator. He has nearly thirty years of experience in teaching, research and development, electric utility industry, electric equipment manufacturing, and consulting in power system reliability and security assessments.

DON O. KOVAL, PhD, FIEEE, is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Alberta, Canada. Previously, he worked as a distribution special studies engineer for B.C. Hydro and Power Authority in Vancouver and as a subtransmission design engineer for Saskatchewan Power.

Table of Contents

Preface

Outline Of The Book

Introduction

Reliability Assessment of Power Systems

Organization of the Chapters

Conclusions

References

Fundamentals Of Probability And Statistics

Concept of Frequency

Important Parameters of Frequency Distribution

Theory of Probability

Probability Distribution Model

Sampling Theory

Statistical Decision Making

Conclusions

References

Reliability Principles

Failure Rate Model

Concept of Reliability of Population

Mean Time to Failures

Reliability of Complex Systems

Standby System Modeling

Concepts of Availability and Dependability

Reliability Measurement

Conclusions

References

Applications Of Simple Reliability Models

Equipment Failure Mechanism

Availability of Equipment

Oil Circuit Recloser (OCR) Maintenance Issues

Distribution Pole Maintenance Practices

Procedures for Ground Testing

Insulators Maintenance

Customer Service Outages

Conclusions

References

Engineering Economics

Introduction

Concept of Interest and Equivalent

Common Terms

Formulas for Computing Interest

Annual Cost

Present Value (PV) Concept

Theory of Rate of Return

Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach

Financial Risk Assessment

Conclusions

References

Reliability Analysis Of Complex Network Configurations

Introduction

State Enumeration Methodologies

Network Reduction Methods

Bayes. Theorem in Reliability

Construction of Fault Tree Diagram

The Application of Conditional Probability Theory to System Operating Configurations

Conclusions

References

Designing Reliability Into Industrial And Commercial Power Systems

Introduction

Example 1: Simple Radial Distribution System

Example 2: Reliability Analysis of a Primary Selective System to the 13.8 kV Utility Supply

Example 3: A Primary Selective System to the Load Side of a 13.8 kV Circuit Breaker

Example 4: Primary Selective System to the Primary of the Transformer

Example 5: A Secondary Selective System

Example 6: A Simple Radial System with Spares

Example 7: A Simple Radial System with Cogeneration

Reliability Evaluation of Miscellaneous System Configurations

Conclusions

References

Zone Branch Reliability Methodology

Introduction

Zone Branch Concepts

Industrial System Study

Application of Zone Branch Methodology: Case Studies

.4.5 Case 5: Design .E.-Dual Supply Primary Selective

Case 6: Design .F.-Double Bus/Double Breaker Radial

Case 7: Design .G.-Double Bus/Double Breaker Loop

Case 8: Design .H.-Double Bus/Breaker Primary Selective

Conclusions

References

Equipment Outage Statistics

Introduction

Interruption Data Collection Scheme

Typical Distribution Equipment Outage Statistics

Conclusions

References

Historical Assessment

Introduction

Automatic Outage Management System

Historical Assessment

Crew Center-Level Analysis

Development of a Composite Index for Reliability Performance Analysis at the Circuit Level

Conclusions

References

Deterministic Criteria

Introduction

Current Distribution Planning and Design Criteria

Reliability Cost Versus Reliability Benefit Trade-Offs in Distribution System Planning

Alternative Feed Requirements for Overhead Distribution Systems

Examples of Deterministic Planning Guidelines for Alternative Feed Requirements

Value-Based Alternative Feeder Requirements Planning

Conclusions

References

Important Factors Related To Distribution Standards

Introduction

Relevant Issues and Factors in Establishing Distribution Reliability Standards

Performance Indices at Different System Levels of a Utility

Performance Indices for Different Utility Types

Conclusions

References

Standards For Reregulated Distribution Utility

Introduction

Cost of Service Regulation versus Performance-Based Regulation

A Reward/Penalty Structure in the Performance-Based Rates

Historical SAIFI and SAIDI Data and their Distributions

Computation of System Risks Based on Historical Reliability Indices

Cause Contributions to SAIFI and SAIDI Indices

Conclusions

References

Customer Interruption Cost Models For Load Point Reliability Assessment

Introduction

Customer Interruption Cost

Series and Parallel System Model Equations

Dedicated Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration

Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple Customers

Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple Customers with Manual Sectionalizing

Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple Customers with Automatic Sectionalizing

Distribution System Looped Radial Feeders

Conclusions

References

Value-Based Predictive Reliability Assessment

Introduction

Value-Based Reliability Planning

Distribution System Configuration Characteristics

Case Studies

Illustrative Example System Problem and Its Reliability Calculations

Conclusions

References

Isolation And Restoration Procedures

Introduction

Distribution System Characteristics

Case Studies

Major Substation Outages

Summary of Load Point Interruption Costs

Conclusions

References

Meshed Distribution System Reliability

Introduction

Value-Based Reliability Assessment in a Deregulated Environment

The Characteristics of the Illustrative Urban Distribution System

Discussion of Results

Feeder and Transformer Loading Levels

Bus and Feeder Tie Analysis

Maintenance

Feeders with Nonfused (Lateral) Three-Phase Branches

Feeder Tie Placement

Finding Optimum Section Length

Feeder and Transformer Loading

Feeder Tie Cost Calculation

Effects of Tie Maintenance

Additional Ties for Feeders with Three-Phase Branches

Conclusions

References

Radial Feeder Reconfiguration Analysis

Introduction

Predictive Feeder Reliability Analysis

Reliability Data and Assumptions

Reliability Assessment for an Illustrative Distribution Feeder

Alternative Improvement Options Analysis

Summary of the Illustrative Feeder Reliability Performance Improvement Alternatives

Conclusions

References

Distributed Generation

Introduction

Problem Definition

Illustrative Distribution System Configuration Characteristics

Reliability Assessment Model

Discussion of Results

Conclusions

References

Models For Spare Equipment

Introduction

Development of Probabilistic Models for Determining Optimal Number of Transformer Spares

Optimal Transformer Spares for Illustrative 72 kV Distribution Transformer Systems

Conclusions

References

Voltage Sags And Surges At Industrial And Commercial Sites

Introduction

ANSI/IEEE Standard 446-IEEE Orange Book

IEEE Standard 493-2007-IEEE Gold Book

Frequency of Voltage Sags

Example Voltage Sag Problem: Voltage Sag Analysis of Utility and Industrial Distribution Systems

Frequency and Duration of Voltage Sags and Surges at Industrial Sites: Canadian National Power Quality Survey

Scatter Plots of Voltage Sag Levels as a Function of Duration

Scatter Plots of Voltage Surge Levels as a Function of Duration

Primary and Secondary Voltage Sages Statistical Characteristics

Primary and Secondary Voltage Surges Statistical Characteristics

Conclusions

References

Selected Problems And Answers

Index

Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.