Power Electronic Control in Electrical Systems

by Acha; Agelidis; Anaya; Miller

• ISBN13: 9780750651264
• ISBN10: 0750651261
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-08
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Within this book the fundamental concepts associated with the topic of power electronic control are covered alongside the latest equipment and devices, new application areas and associated computer-assisted methods.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Electrical power systems - an overview	1	(30)
Introduction	1	(1)
Background	1	(3)
General composition of the power network	4	(14)
Generation	6	(2)
Transmission	8	(5)
Distribution	13	(3)
Utilization	16	(2)
An overview of the dynamic response of electrical power networks	18	(5)
Transient stability	20	(3)
Snapshot-like power network studies	23	(4)
Power flow studies	23	(1)
Optimal power flow studies	24	(1)
Fault studies	24	(2)
Random nature of system load	26	(1)
Non-linear loads	27	(1)
The role of computers in the monitoring, control and planning of power networks	27	(2)
Energy control centres	27	(1)
Distribution networks	28	(1)
Planning	29	(1)
Conclusion	29	(2)
Power systems engineering - fundamental concepts	31	(51)
Reactive power control	31	(3)
Conventions used in power engineering	34	(1)
Basic source/load relationships	35	(3)
Fault level and circuit-breaker ratings	35	(1)
Thevenin equivalent circuit model of a power system	36	(1)
Loads and phasor diagrams	36	(2)
The symmetrical system	38	(1)
Complex power, apparent power, real and reactive power	38	(2)
Leading and lagging loads	40	(2)
Power factor correction	42	(2)
Compensation and voltage control	44	(3)
System load line	46	(1)
Control of power and frequency	47	(4)
Relationships between power, reactive power, voltage levels and load angle	49	(2)
Three-phase systems	51	(6)
Development of three-phase systems	51	(3)
The wye-delta transformation	54	(1)
Balancing an unbalanced load	54	(3)
Power flow and measurement	57	(7)
Single-phase	57	(1)
Two-phase	58	(1)
Three-phase	58	(1)
Power measurement	59	(5)
Polyphase transformers	64	(8)
Definition	64	(1)
Functions	65	(3)
Parallel operation	68	(2)
Zero-sequence effects in three-phase transformers	70	(2)
Providing a path for zero-sequence currents	72	(1)
Harmonics	72	(6)
Harmonic power	73	(1)
RMS values in the presence of harmonics	73	(1)
Phase sequence of harmonics in balanced three-phase systems	74	(1)
Harmonics in balanced networks	75	(1)
AC line harmonics of three-phase rectifier	76	(2)
Per-unit quantities	78	(3)
Standard formulas for three-phase systems	79	(1)
Changing base	80	(1)
Transformers in per-unit systems	80	(1)
Conclusion	81	(1)
Transmission system compensation	82	(24)
Introduction	82	(1)
Uncompensated lines	83	(6)
Voltage and current equations of a long, lossless transmission line	83	(3)
Surge impedance and natural loading of a transmission line	86	(1)
The uncompensated line on open-circuit	87	(2)
Uncompensated lines under load	89	(5)
Radial line with fixed sending-end voltage	89	(1)
Uncompensated symmetrical line: variation of voltage and reactive power with load	90	(2)
Maximum power and steady-state stability	92	(2)
Compensated transmission lines	94	(1)
Passive and active compensators	94	(1)
Static shunt compensation	95	(6)
Multiple shunt reactors along a long line	97	(1)
Voltage control by means of switched shunt compensation	98	(1)
The mid-point shunt compensator	99	(2)
Series compensation	101	(3)
Power-transfer characteristics and maximum transmissible power	102	(2)
Conclusion	104	(2)
Power flows in compensation and control studies	106	(47)
Introduction	106	(1)
FACTS equipment representation in power flows	107	(9)
The SVC	107	(1)
The TCSC	108	(2)
The static phase shifter	110	(1)
The STATCOM	111	(1)
The DVR	112	(1)
The UPFC	113	(2)
The HVDC-Light	115	(1)
Fundamental network equations	116	(5)
Nodal admittances	116	(1)
Numerical example 1	117	(1)
Rules for building the nodal admittance matrix	118	(1)
Nodal impedances	119	(1)
Numerical example 2	120	(1)
The power flow theory	121	(13)
Basic concepts	121	(1)
Conventional power plant representation	122	(2)
Nodal impedance based power flow method	124	(2)
Newton-Raphson power flow method	126	(4)
Numerical example 3	130	(2)
Numerical example 4	132	(2)
Reactive power control	134	(5)
General aspects	134	(1)
SVC power flow modelling	135	(1)
Numerical example 5	136	(1)
STATCOM power flow modelling	137	(2)
Active power control	139	(4)
General aspects	139	(1)
TCSC power flow modelling	139	(1)
Numerical example 6	140	(1)
SPS power flow modelling	140	(2)
Numerical example 7	142	(1)
Combined active and reactive power control	143	(9)
General aspects	143	(1)
Simple UPFC power flow modelling	143	(1)
Advanced UPFC power flow modelling	144	(3)
Numerical example 8	147	(2)
HVDC Light power flow modelling	149	(1)
Numercal example 9	150	(2)
Conclusion	152	(1)
Power semicoductor devices and converter hardware issues	153	(24)
Introduction	153	(1)
Power semiconductor devices	153	(14)
Diode	154	(2)
Thyristor	156	(2)
Light-triggered thyristor (LTT)	158	(1)
Desired characteristics of fully-controlled power semiconductors	159	(3)
Gate-turn-off thyristor	162	(1)
Metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor	163	(1)
Insulated-gate bipolar transistor	164	(1)
MOS-controlled thyristor	165	(1)
Other semiconductor devices	166	(1)
Semiconductor switching-power performance	166	(1)
Power modules	167	(1)
Passive components	167	(1)
Ancillary equipment	168	(1)
Cooling systems	168	(3)
Component layout	171	(1)
Protection of semiconductors - snubber circuits	171	(3)
Current trends in power semiconductor technology	174	(1)
Conclusion	175	(2)
Power electronic equipment	177	(86)
Introduction	177	(1)
Thyristor-controlled equipment	178	(19)
Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR)	178	(1)
Principles of operation of the TCR	178	(2)
Fundamental voltage/current characteristic	180	(2)
Harmonics	182	(3)
The thyristor-controlled transformer (TCT)	185	(1)
The TCR with shunt capacitors	186	(2)
The thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC)	188	(1)
Principles of operation	188	(2)
Switching transients and the concept of transient-free switching	190	(1)
Ideal transient-free switching	190	(2)
Switching transients in the general case	192	(4)
Switching a discharged capacitor	196	(1)
Voltage-source converters (VSCs) and derived controllers	197	(32)
Single-phase half-bridge VSC	197	(4)
Single-phase full-bridge VSC	201	(5)
Conventional three-phase six-step VSC	206	(4)
Single-phase half-bridge neutral-point-clamped (NPC) VSC	210	(2)
Single-phase full-bridge NPC VSC	212	(3)
Other multilevel converter topologies	215	(7)
Three-level three-phase NPC VSC	222	(1)
Pulse-width modulated (PWM) VSCs	222	(7)
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)	229	(3)
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)	232	(1)
Energy storage systems	233	(8)
Flywheel energy storage systems	233	(5)
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)	238	(2)
Other energy storage systems	240	(1)
HVDC	241	(12)
HVDC schemes and control	244	(5)
Advanced concepts in conventional HVDC applications	249	(1)
HVDC based on voltage-source converters	249	(3)
Multilevel VSCs and HVDC	252	(1)
Active filters (AFs)	253	(6)
Combined active and passive filters	259	(2)
Advanced concepts in reactive power control equipment	261	(1)
Conclusion	261	(2)
Harmonic studies of power compensating plant	263	(27)
Introduction	263	(1)
Effect of harmonics on electrical equipment	264	(1)
Resonance in electric power systems	265	(4)
Numerical example 1	267	(2)
Thyristor-controlled reactors	269	(10)
TCR periodic characteristics	269	(2)
TCR currents in harmonic domain	271	(1)
Harmonic switching vectors	272	(1)
Harmonic admittances	273	(1)
Harmonic Norton and Thevenin equivalent circuits	273	(1)
Constraint equations	274	(1)
Three-phase TCRs	275	(1)
Numerical example 2	276	(1)
Numerical example 3	277	(2)
SVC representations	279	(1)
Thyristor-controlled series compensation	280	(7)
Main parameters and operating modes	280	(6)
TCSC harmonic domain modelling	286	(1)
Single-phase TCSC representation	286	(1)
Impedance characteristics	286	(1)
Three-phase TCSC representation	287	(1)
TCSC systems	287	(2)
Conclusion	289	(1)
Transient studies FACTS and Custom Power equipment	290	(83)
Introduction	290	(1)
Electromagnetic transient analysis	291	(1)
Electromagnetic transient simulator PSCAD/EMTDC	292	(8)
Creation of a new project and data entry	293	(2)
Generation of the circuit schematic diagram using Draft	295	(3)
Transient simulation using RunTime Executive	298	(1)
Plotting and analysis of results using MultiPlot	298	(2)
Static Var Compensator (SVC)	300	(11)
Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)	311	(9)
Example 1	312	(1)
Example 2	313	(7)
Static Compensator (STATCOM)	320	(16)
STATCOM used as a FACTS controller	324	(6)
Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM)	330	(6)
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)	336	(6)
Power Factor Correction (PFC)	342	(10)
Active filters (AFs)	352	(15)
Shunt active filter	356	(11)
Solid-State Transfer Switch (SSTS)	367	(5)
Conclusion	372	(1)
Examples, problems and exercises	373	(34)
Simple exercises	373	(2)
A basic worked example - leading and lagging loads	375	(1)
Simple basic problems	376	(2)
Answers to problems in Section 9.3	377	(1)
Worked examples	378	(29)
Appendix	407	(20)
Bibliography	427	(12)
Index	439