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Compiles current research into the analysis and design of power electronic converters for industrial applications and renewable energy systems, presenting modern and future applications of power electronics systems in the field of electrical vehicles
With emphasis on the importance and long-term viability of Power Electronics for Renewable Energy this book brings together the state of the art knowledge and cutting-edge techniques in various stages of research. The topics included are not currently available for practicing professionals and aim to enable the reader to directly apply the knowledge gained to their designs. The book addresses the practical issues of current and future electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and focuses primarily on power electronics and motor drives based solutions for electric vehicle (EV) technologies. Propulsion system requirements and motor sizing for EVs is discussed, along with practical system sizing examples. Key EV battery technologies are explained as well as corresponding battery management issues. PHEV power system architectures and advanced power electronics intensive charging infrastructures for EVs and PHEVs are detailed. EV/PHEV interface with renewable energy is described, with practical examples. This book explores new topics for further research needed world-wide, and defines existing challenges, concerns, and selected problems that comply with international trends, standards, and programs for electric power conversion, distribution, and sustainable energy development. It will lead to the advancement of the current state-of-the art applications of power electronics for renewable energy, transportation, and industrial applications and will help add experience in the various industries and academia about the energy conversion technology and distributed energy sources.
Haitham Abu-Rub is currently a professor at Texas A&M University at Qatar. His main research interests are energy conversion systems, including renewable and electromechanical systems. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers, coauthored four books, supervised several lucrative research projects, and is also an editor of several international journals such as in the IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. He is currently leading various potential projects on photovoltaic and hybrid renewable power generation systems with different types of converters.
Mariusz Malinowski is currently with the Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics (ICIE) at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT). He has authored more than 100 technical papers and is the holder of two implemented patents. Dr. Malinowski is also an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and previously edited the IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. He was the recipient of the Siemens Prize (2002, 2007) and the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education Awards (2003, 2008). He also received IEEE IES David Irwin Early Career Award for “Outstanding research and development of modulation and control for industrial electronics converters” in 2011.
Kamal Al-Haddad has been a professor with the École de Technologie Supérieure’s Electrical Engineering Department since 1990. He has supervised 90 Ph.D. and M.Sc.A. students working in the field of power electronics for various industrial systems, including modelling, simulation, control, and packaging. He has also coauthored more than 400 transactions and conference papers, transferred 21 technologies to the industry, and is accredited with codeveloping the SimPowerSystem toolbox. Kamal Al-Haddad is currently a fellow member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, IEEE-IES President Elect 2014–2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics Associate Editor, and director of ETS-GREPCI research group.
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxv
List of Contributors xxvii
1 Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics in the Present Century 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Energy 2
1.3 Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem 3
1.4 Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems 8
1.5 Smart Grid 20
1.6 Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 21
1.7 Conclusion and Future Prognosis 23
References 25
2 Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario: The Power Electronics Contribution 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems 28
2.3 Renewable Energy Systems 34
2.4 Transportation Systems 41
2.5 Energy Storage Systems 42
2.6 Conclusions 47
References 47
3 An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid Concepts and Technologies 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids 51
3.3 Photovoltaic Generators 52
3.4 Wind and Mini-hydro Generators 55
3.5 Energy Storage Systems 56
3.6 Electric Vehicles 57
3.7 Microgrids 57
3.8 Smart Grid Issues 59
3.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 60
3.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids 61
3.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing 62
3.12 Standards for Smart Grids 63
References 65
4 Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Silicon Power Transistors 70
4.3 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs 75
4.4 Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices 80
4.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors 89
4.6 Overview of Applications 97
4.7 Gallium Nitride Transistors 100
4.8 Summary 102
References 102
5 AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy and Transportation 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 108
5.3 Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 112
5.4 Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 113
5.5 Design Procedure 122
5.6 Analysis 123
5.7 Applications 126
5.8 Summary 133
Acknowledgment 133
References 133
6 High Power Electronics: Key Technology forWind Turbines 136
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Development of Wind Power Generation 137
6.3 Wind Power Conversion 138
6.4 Power Converters for Wind Turbines 143
6.5 Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 149
6.6 Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines 150
6.7 Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System 155
6.8 Conclusion 156
References 156
7 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems 160
7.1 Introduction 160
7.2 Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems 162
7.3 Grid-Connected PV System Configurations 165
7.4 Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems 181
7.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems 192
7.6 Summary 195
References 195
8 Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems 199
8.1 Introduction 199
8.2 Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System 201
8.3 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid 202
8.4 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid 208
8.5 Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter 219
8.6 Conclusions 228
References 229
9 Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems 231
9.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems 231
9.2 Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems 243
9.3 Ancillary Feature 259
9.4 Summary 267
References 268
10 Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine 270
10.1 Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM 270
10.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter 280
10.3 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems 305
References 317
11 AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 319
11.1 Introduction 319
11.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies 328
11.3 DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter 334
11.4 Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters 345
11.5 AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward 356
11.6 Summary and Conclusions 361
References 362
12 Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft 365
12.1 Introduction 365
12.2 More Electric Aircraft 367
12.3 More Electric Engine (MEE) 372
12.4 Electric Power Generation Strategies 374
12.5 Power Electronics and Power Conversion 378
12.6 Power Distribution 381
12.7 Conclusions 384
References 385
13 Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 387
13.1 Introduction 387
13.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies 388
13.3 EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures 392
13.4 Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure 404
13.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts 407
13.6 Power Electronics for PEV Charging 410
References 419
14 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 422
14.1 Introduction 422
14.2 Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters 423
14.3 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications 432
14.4 Emerging Applications and Discussions 444
14.5 Summary 459
Acknowledgment 461
References 461
15 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control 463
15.1 Introduction 463
15.2 Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter 464
15.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 484
15.4 Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output 488
15.5 Sample Results 499
Acknowledgment 501
References 501
16 Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers 503
16.1 Introduction 503
16.2 Basic Boost PFC 504
16.3 Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC 511
16.4 Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC 519
16.5 Conclusion 528
References 529
17 Active Power Filter 534
17.1 Introduction 534
17.2 Harmonics 535
17.3 Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics 535
17.4 International Standards for Harmonics 536
17.5 Types of Harmonics 537
17.5.1 Harmonic Current Sources 537
17.5.2 Harmonic Voltage Sources 537
17.6 Passive Filters 539
17.7 Power Definitions 540
17.8 Active Power Filters 543
17.9 APF Switching Frequency Choice Methodology 547
17.10 Harmonic Current Extraction Techniques (HCET) 548
17.11 Shunt Active Power Filter 555
17.12 Series Active Power Filter 564
17.13 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 565
Acknowledgment 569
References 569
18A Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electronics: A Powerful Simulation Tool 573
18A.1 Background 573
18A.2 Increasing the Performance of the Power Stage 575
18A.3 Machine Model of an Asynchronous Machine 581
18A.4 Results and Conclusions 583
References 589
18B Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) 591
18B.1 Introduction 591
18B.2 Choice of Modeling for MMC and Its Limitations 597
18B.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation 598
18B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach 601
18B.5 Conclusion 606
References 606
19 Model Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines 608
19.1 Introduction 608
19.2 Review of Classical Speed Control Schemes for Electrical Machines 609
19.3 Predictive Current Control 613
19.4 Predictive Torque Control 617
19.5 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter 619
19.6 Predictive Speed Control 622
19.7 Conclusions 626
Acknowledgment 627
References 627
20 The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter 630
20.1 Introduction 630
20.2 The Drive System Structure 631
20.3 The PWM in CSCs 633
20.4 The Generalized Control of a CSR 636
20.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynchronous and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 639
20.6 The Current and Voltage Control of an Induction Machine 641
20.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 651
20.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC 657
20.9 Conclusion 661
References 662
21 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 664
21.1 Introduction 664
21.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Mode Parameters 671
21.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods 674
21.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current 682
21.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications 683
21.6 Summary 692
References 692
22 High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples 695
22.1 Introduction 695
22.2 LNG Plants 696
22.3 Gas Turbines (GTs): the Conventional Compressor Drives 697
22.4 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs 699
22.5 High-Power Electric Motors 700
22.6 High-Power Electric Drives 705
22.7 Switching Devices 705
22.8 High-Power Converter Topologies 709
22.9 Multilevel VSI Topologies 711
22.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives 719
22.11 Conclusion 723
Acknowledgment 724
References 724
23 Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 727
23.1 Introduction 727
23.2 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 729
23.3 Control of AC–DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 748
23.4 Summary 763
References 763
24 Impedance Source Inverters 766
24.1 Multilevel Inverters 766
24.2 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter 767
24.3 qZSI-Based Cascade Multilevel PV System 775
24.4 Hardware Implementation 780
Acknowledgments 782
References 782
Index 787
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