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Vishram S. Pandit is a technical lead in the Signal/Power Integrity Engineering team at Intel Corporation. He works on developing power delivery designs for high-speed interfaces. His focus areas include high-speed system power delivery, on-chip power delivery, and Signal/ Power Integrity co-design. Prior to Intel he worked at Hughes Network Systems on Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), power integrity, and signal integrity technologies. He has received a B.E. (Instrumentation) from College of Engineering, Pune, India, an M.S. (Electrical Engineering) from University of Utah, USA, and an Advanced Certificate for Post-Master’s Study (Computer Science) from Johns Hopkins University, USA. He is a senior member of IEEE and a member of the CPMT Technical Committee on Electrical Design, Modeling and Simulation; and he serves as a technical program committee member for DesignCon. He was a recipient of the International Engineering Consortium’s paper awards for DesignCon 2008 and DesignCon 2009.
Woong Hwan Ryu is currently a Signal/Power Integrity Engineering Manager at Intel Corporation. He has been responsible for pre-silicon signal integrity and power integrity analysis for high speed interfaces. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). Dr. Ryu holds an IEEE Senior Member status; he serves as a reviewer for several IEEE journals; and he serves as a technical program committee member and organizing committee member for DesignCon. He was a recipient of the International Engineering Consortium’s paper awards for DesignCon 2006 and DesignCon 2008. Dr. Ryu has authored and co-authored more than 80 technical publications in premier journals and international conferences, and holds three issued patents and has one patent pending.
Myoung Joon Choi is a technical lead in the Signal/Power Integrity Engineering team at Intel Corporation. He works on developing methodologies for high-speed interface simulation and analysis. His focus areas include high-speed system SI-PI co-simulation, on-chip signal and power integrity, and computational analysis of entire high-speed systems. Dr. Choi has received a Ph.D. and an M.S. from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, and a BS from Korea University, Seoul, Korea. He has authored and co-authored many technical publications in journals and conferences.
Foreword by Joungho Kim xiii
Preface xv
About the Authors xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Digital Electronic System 1
1.2 I/O Signaling Standards 2
1.2.1 Single-Ended and Differential Signaling 3
1.3 Power and Signal Distribution Network 5
1.4 Signal and Power Integrity 6
1.5 Power Noise to Signal Coupling 8
1.5.1 SSO 9
1.5.2 Chip-Level SSO Coupling 9
1.5.3 Interconnect Level SSO Coupling 10
1.6 Concurrent Design Methodology 12
References 13
Chapter 2 I/O Interfaces 15
2.1 Single-Ended Drivers and Receivers 15
2.1.1 Open Drain Drivers 16
2.1.2 Push-Pull Driver and Receiver 17
2.1.3 Termination Schemes for a Single-Ended System 18
2.1.4 Current Profiles in a Push-Pull Driver 18
Push-Pull Driver with CTT 19
Push-Pull Driver with Power Termination 22
2.1.5 Noise for Push-Pull Driver 25
2.2 Differential Drivers and Receivers 26
2.2.1 Termination Schemes for Differential System 28
2.2.2 Current Profiles in Half Differential Driver 30
2.2.3 Noise for Half Differential Driver 32
2.3 Prior Stages of I/O Interface 34
References 35
Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Effects 37
3.1 Electromagnetic Effects on Signal/Power Integrity 37
3.2 Electromagnetic Theory 39
3.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 40
3.3 Transmission Line Theory 46
3.4 Interconnection Network Parameters: Z,Y,S and ABCD 55
3.4.1 Impedance Matrix [Z] 56
3.4.2 Admittance Matrix [Y] 57
3.4.3 The Scattering Matrix [S] 57
3.4.4 The Scattering Matrix [S] with Arbitrary Loads 59
3.4.5 Relation Between Scattering Matrix [S] and Y/Z/ABCD Matrix 61
3.5 LTI System 64
3.5.1 Reciprocal Network 64
3.5.2 Parameter Conversion Singularity 64
3.5.3 Stability 65
3.5.4 Passivity 65
3.5.5 Causality 67
References 67
Chapter 4 System Interconnects 69
4.1 PCB Technology 69
4.2 Package Types 70
4.3 Power Distribution Network 73
4.3.1 PCB PDN 73
Power Supply 74
DC/DC Converter 75
PCB Capacitors 76
PCB Power/Ground Planes 81
Impact of Vias 87
Stitching Domains Together 90
4.3.2 Package Power Distribution Network 92
4.3.3 On-Chip Power Network 93
Intentional Capacitors 94
Unintentional Capacitors 96
4.4 Signal Distribution Network 97
4.4.1 PCB/ Package Physical Signal Routing 97
Microstrip Line 97
Stripline 100
Co-Planar Waveguide 101
Coupled Lines 102
4.4.2 Package Signal Distribution Network 107
4.4.3 PCB/Package Material Properties 108
Electrical Properties of Metal 108
Electrical Properties of Dielectrics 110
Frequency-Dependent Parameters of Microstrip Line 111
4.4.4 On-Chip Signal Network 112
4.5 Interaction Between Interconnect Systems 115
4.5.1 Reference, Ground, and Return Paths 116
4.5.2 Referencing: Single-Ended and Differential Signaling 116
4.5.3 Power to Signal Coupling 118
4.6 Modeling Tools for the PDN and Signal Networks 119
References 122
Chapter 5 Frequency Domain Analysis 127
5.1 Signal Spectrum 128
5.1.1 Fourier Transform Interpretation 132
5.1.2 Important Properties of the Fourier Transform 134
Interpreting and Using Frequency Domain Representations of Waveforms 134
Key Properties of Fourier Transforms (of Interest in SI) 134
Fourier Transform Examples and Interpretation 135
Trapezoidal Pulse Fourier Transform Tool 138
5.1.3 FFT of Power Noise 141
5.1.4 Convolution and Filtering 142
5.2 Signal and Power Integrity Applications 143
5.2.1 S-Parameters with Global and Local Ground 145
5.3 Power Distribution Network Design in Frequency Domain 147
5.3.1 Impedance Response Z11 148
5.3.2 Impedance Targets for I/O Interface 150
Single-Ended Driver 151
Differential Driver 152
Prior Stages 152
5.3.3 PDN Design Example 153
Package and PCB PDN 154
PDN Co-Design: PCB, Package and Chip 155
5.3.4 On-Chip Power Delivery: Modeling and Characterization 158
Test Vehicle for On-Chip PDN 159
2D TLM Empirical On-Chip PD Modeling Method 161
On-Chip Capacitor Model Extraction 162
Modeling and Correlation for On-Chip PDN of the I/O Interface 163
EM Modeling of On-Chip PDN 165
5.3.5 Insertion Loss and Voltage Transfer Function 166
5.3.6 SSO in Frequency Domain 168
5.3.7 Power-to-Signal Coupling 170
5.4 Signal Network Design in Frequency Domain 171
5.4.1 Frequency Domain Optimization 172
5.4.2 Simulation and Correlation of Signal Network 174
5.4.3 Case Study: Crosstalk Amplification by Resonance 175
Model Correlation 177
Self-Impedance and Insertion Loss for the Entire Channel 180
Voltage Transfer Function for the Victim Bit 181
Far-End Crosstalk 182
Self-Impedance and Transfer Impedance with Different Enablers 183
5.4.4 Differential Signaling in Frequency Domain 184
References 190
Chapter 6 Time Domain Analysis 193
6.1 Time Domain Modeling and Simulation 193
6.1.1 Transient Simulations 195
6.1.2 Buffer Modeling 196
IBIS and VCR Models 196
6.2 Simulation for Optimization 198
6.2.1 Power Delivery Time Domain Specification 198
6.2.2 Controllable Design Variables for Optimization 200
Geometry and Material 201
Passive Components on PCB and Package 203
On-Chip Design Variables 203
6.3 PDN Noise Simulations 204
6.3.1 VR Tolerance and IR Drop 204
6.3.2 AC Noise Analysis 207
Supply Droop and Resonance 207
6.3.3 Internal Circuits 209
6.3.4 Final Stage Circuits 210
6.3.5 Single-Ended Systems 212
Correlation with Measurements 214
Noise Measurements at the Receiver 215
6.3.6 Differential Systems 217
6.3.7 Logic Stage 220
6.4 Jitter Impact for Time Domain Analysis 221
6.4.1 Jitter Impact Due to PDN Noise 222
6.4.2 Jitter Due to the SSO 223
Single-Ended System 223
Differential System 228
References 231
Chapter 7 Signal/Power Integrity Interactions 233
7.1 Background 234
7.2 Root Cause Analysis 236
7.3 SSO Coupling Mechanism 238
7.4 Case Study I: DDR2 800 Control Signal 241
7.4.1 Noise Source 243
7.4.2 Coupling Mechanism 244
7.4.3 Resonant Structure on Control Networks 245
7.4.4 Proposed Solutions 247
7.5 Case Study II: DDR2 667 Vref Bus 248
7.5.1 Noise Source 249
7.5.2 Coupling Mechanism 249
7.5.3 Resonance Structure 250
7.5.4 Proposed Solutions 252
7.6 Referencing/Stitching/Decoupling Effects--Single-Ended Interface 258
7.7 Stitching Effects--Differential Interface 263
7.7.1 VNA Measurement Results 271
7.7.2 Modeling and Measurement Correlations 273
7.7.3 System-Level Impact Evaluation 274
7.8 EMI Trade-Off 276
7.8.1 Power Islands Radiation 276
References 282
Chapter 8 Signal/Power Integrity Co-Analysis 285
8.1 Identifying Controllable Parameters 286
8.2 SI-PI Modeling and Simulation 288
8.2.1 Modeling SI-PI Compatible Buffers 288
8.2.2 Modeling On-Chip Passive Components 290
8.2.3 Modeling Off-Chip Passive Components 291
8.2.4 Model Check and Integration 291
8.2.5 Construction of SI-PI Co-Simulation 292
8.2.6 PDN Resonance Excitation of Driver Bit Pattern 292
8.2.7 Worst-Case Eye 294
8.2.8 Running SI-PI Co-Simulation 296
ISI and Minimal ISI 297
ISI and SSO 298
ISI and Crosstalk 299
ISI, SSO, and Crosstalk 299
8.3 SI-PI Co-Analysis 301
8.3.1 Time Domain Analysis 301
Optimization Using Sweep Parameters and Noise Decomposition 302
Simple Comparison of Eye 305
8.3.2 Eye Diagram Analysis 308
8.3.3 Linear Interaction Indicator 309
Single-Ended Signaling SI-PI Performance and Linearity 315
Differential Signaling SI-PI Performance and Linearity 317
SI-PI Linear Interaction Indicator 319
8.4 SI-PI Co-Simulation and Co-Analysis Flow: Summary 321
References 322
Chapter 9 Measurement Techniques 325
9.1 Frequency Domain Characterization 325
9.1.1 Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) 326
9.1.2 Smith Chart 327
9.1.3 Low-Impedance VNA Measurement for Power Delivery Network 329
9.1.4 On-Chip Characterization 335
On-Chip Interconnect 2D Modeling and Correlation 338
On-Chip Interconnection Line Performance Versus Different Structures 345
On-Chip PDN Characterization 349
9.1.5 Pad Capacitance Characterization 350
Lower- and Upper-Frequency Limit 350
De-Embedding Method 351
9.1.6 Power Delivery-to-Signal Coupling Measurement 353
9.2 Equivalent Circuit Model Extraction 355
9.2.1 Need for an Equivalent Circuit Model 355
Validation Purpose 355
Simulation Purpose 356
9.2.2 Extraction Methodology 357
Numerical Error 358
9.2.3 Extraction Examples 358
Receiver Model for SI 358
PDN Model 360
Topology Identification 360
9.2.4 Extension to Multiport Measurement 361
9.3 Time Domain Characterization 361
9.3.1 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) 361
Development of 9ps TDR Measurement Setup 363
Package Validation Using TDR 365
Differential TDR and TDT 371
9.3.2 PDN Noise Measurement 372
9.3.3 SSO Coupling Measurement in Time Domain 376
9.3.4 Jitter Measurement 379
References 380
Index 383
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