Power Quality Indices in Liberalized Markets

by Caramia, Pierluigi; Carpinelli, Guido; Verde, Paola

• ISBN13: 9780470033951
• ISBN10: 0470033959
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-09-21
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Provides a thorough review of power quality indices, which are a powerful tool for quantifying the quality of delivered energy, especially the negative impact of disturbances. Presents a global perspective, looking at the link between newly liberalized markets and power quality indices. Examines indices capable of identifying the potential causes of power quality disturbances, quantifying their contribution to the total system disturbance level. Explains the effect of Embedded Generation (EG) on the use and assessment of power quality indices. Includes a chapter on new power quality indices for non-stationary and transient waveforms.

Author Biography

Pierluigi Caramia is associate professor of Electrical Power Systems at the University of Napoli ‘Parthenope’ (Italy). He received his MS degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Cassino in 1991. His research interests concern power system analysis and power quality. In addition, he is a co-author of Chapter 8 and Chapter 11 of the book Time-Varying Waveform Distortions in Power Systems, published by John Wiley & Sons. He participates in the CIGRE and IEEE Working Group activities on power quality.

Guido Carpinelli is a full professor of Electrical Power Systems at the University of Napoli ‘Federico II’ (Italy). He received his MS degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Napoli in 1978. His research interests concern electrical power quality and power system analysis. He is the author of several papers in journals published by IEEE, IEE, IET and Elsevier. In addition, he is a co-author of Chapter 8 and Chapter 11 of the book Time-Varying Waveform Distortions in Power Systems, published by John Wiley & Sons. He participates in the CIGRE and IEEE Working Group activities on power quality.

Paola Verde is a full professor of Electrical Power Systems at the University of Cassino (Italy). She received her MS degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Napoli ‘Federico II’ in 1988. Her research interests concern power quality and power electronics in power systems. She is the author of several papers in journals published by IEEE, IEE, IET and Elsevier. In addition, she is a co-author of Chapter 8 and Chapter 11 of the book Time-Varying Waveform Distortions in Power Systems, published by John Wiley & Sons. She participates in the CIGRE and IEEE Working Group activities on power quality.

Table of Contents

About the authors	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgements	p. xv
Traditional power quality indices	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Background concepts	p. 2
Power quality disturbances	p. 2
Power quality disturbances and electromagnetic compatibility	p. 14
Power quality disturbances: indices and objectives	p. 15
Waveform distortions	p. 18
Slow voltage variations	p. 33
Unbalances	p. 36
Voltage fluctuations	p. 40
Mains signalling voltages	p. 45
Voltage dips (sags)	p. 45
Transient overvoltages	p. 54
Rapid voltage changes	p. 56
Conclusions	p. 57
References	p. 58
Assessing responsibilities between customer and utility	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Waveform distortions and voltage unbalances: indices based on a single metering section	p. 62
Indices based on harmonic impedances	p. 63
Indices based on powers in non-ideal conditions	p. 85
Indices based on comparison with an ideal linear load	p. 102
Waveform distortions and voltage unbalances: indices based on distributed measurement systems	p. 109
The global index	p. 109
The cost of deleterious effects index	p. 112
Voltage fluctuations	p. 115
An approach based on the correlation between flicker level and load power	p. 115
An approach based on Gaussian probability functions	p. 116
Summation law-based approaches	p. 116
Voltage-based approaches	p. 117
Voltage and current-based approaches	p. 120
Power-based approaches	p. 123
A simplified approach	p. 126
Voltage sags	p. 126
Disturbance power and energy approach	p. 127
Slope of the system trajectory approach	p. 127
Resistance sign approach	p. 128
Real current component approach	p. 131
Distance relay approach	p. 131
Voltage transients	p. 133
Conclusions	p. 134
References	p. 135
Advanced methods and nonstationary waveforms	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Discrete time waveforms and windowing	p. 142
Hanning windowing	p. 147
Result interpolation	p. 147
Synchronized processing	p. 148
Desynchronized processing	p. 149
Short-time Fourier transform	p. 151
Theoretical background	p. 151
STFT-based indices	p. 152
Wavelet transform	p. 155
Theoretical background	p. 155
Wavelet-based indices	p. 158
Parametric methods	p. 159
Theoretical background	p. 160
Parametric method-based indices	p. 165
Some comparisons between DFT-based methods and parametric methods	p. 169
Time-frequency distributions	p. 170
Theoretical background	p. 171
Time-frequency distribution-based indices	p. 171
Transient waveform distortions (bursts)	p. 179
Theoretical background	p. 179
Burst indices	p. 180
Conclusions	p. 183
References	p. 184
Quantifying the quality of the overall supply voltage	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
Global indices based on a comparison between ideal and actual voltages	p. 188
The normalized RMS error	p. 188
The normalized three-phase global index	p. 190
The voltage quality deviation factor	p. 191
Global indices based on the treatment of traditional indices	p. 194
The global indicator	p. 195
The unified power quality index	p. 197
Global indices based on the economic impact on the customer	p. 209
Comparisons of global indices	p. 210
Conclusions	p. 212
References	p. 212
Distribution systems with dispersed generation	p. 215
Introduction	p. 215
Power quality variation indices	p. 218
Site indices	p. 218
System indices	p. 223
Impact system indices	p. 225
Conclusions	p. 227
References	p. 227
Economic aspects of power quality disturbances	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Economic impact of power quality disturbances	p. 229
Cost of voltage dips in deterministic scenarios	p. 230
Cost of harmonics in deterministic scenarios	p. 234
Cost of voltage dips in probabilistic scenarios	p. 238
Cost of harmonics in probabilistic scenarios	p. 242
Some economic mechanisms for improving power quality levels	p. 245
USA: a mechanism based on the harmonic-adjusted power factor	p. 245
USA: a proposal based on the service quality index	p. 246
Argentina: a mechanism based on the equivalence between voltage quality and continuity	p. 247
Colombia: a mechanism based on the customer's perception of the impact of each disturbance	p. 250
Iran: a proposal based on a penalty function depending on the type of customer	p. 251
Italy: a mechanism based on the unified power quality index	p. 253
Various countries: power quality contracts	p. 257
Conclusions	p. 261
References
Index	p. 265
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