Power Quality Indices in Liberalized Markets

by Pierluigi Caramia (University of Napoli Parthenope, Italy); Guido Carpinelli; Paola Verde (Universita degli Studi di Cassino)

• ISBN13: 9780470994382
• ISBN10: 047099438X
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2009-08-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Power Quality (PQ) indices are a powerful tool for quickly quantifying PQ disturbances. They also serve as the basis for illustrating the negative impact of electrical disturbances on components and for assessing compliance with the required standards and recommendations within a regulating framework.Within these pages lies a comprehensive overview of both the traditional PQ indices in use today and new indices likely to be used in the future.Key features of this book include: a special focus on the metrics for quantifying PQ disturbances; a complete review of methods and indices for assessing disturbance responsibilities between customers and utilities; a survey on PQ objectives around the world, with highlights on the economic aspects of PQ disturbances.Inside, you will find a thorough and well-balanced treatment on theoretical concepts and practical applications, enhanced by examples and exercises of PQ indices computation and use.This is an important resource for academics, students of power quality, reliability and electrical power systems courses, and also for practicing engineers involved in solving PQ problems in the new structures of liberalised energy markets.

Table of Contents

About the authors

Preface

Acknowledgements

Traditional power quality indices

Introduction

Background concepts

Power quality disturbances

Power quality disturbances and electromagnetic compatibility

Power quality disturbances: indices and objectives

Waveform distortions

Slow voltage variations

Unbalances

Voltage fluctuations

Mains signalling voltages

Voltage dips (sags)

Transient overvoltages

Rapid voltage changes

Conclusions

References

Assessing responsibilities between customer and utility

Introduction

Waveform distortions and voltage unbalances: indices based on a single metering section

Indices based on harmonic impedances

Indices based on powers in non-ideal conditions

Indices based on comparison with an ideal linear load

Waveform distortions and voltage unbalances: indices based on distributed measurement systems

The global index

The cost of deleterious effects index

Voltage fluctuations

An approach based on the correlation between flicker level and load power

An approach based on Gaussian probability functions

Summation law-based approaches

Voltage-based approaches

Voltage and current-based approaches

Power-based approaches

A simplified approach

Voltage sags

Disturbance power and energy approach

Slope of the system trajectory approach

Resistance sign approach

Real current component approach

Distance relay approach

Voltage transients

Conclusions

References

Advanced methods and nonstationary waveforms

Introduction

Discrete time waveforms and windowing

Hanning windowing

Result interpolation

Synchronized processing

Desynchronized processing

Short-time Fourier transform

Theoretical background

STFT-based indices

Wavelet transform

Theoretical background

Wavelet-based indices

Parametric methods

Theoretical background

Parametric method-based indices

Some comparisons between DFT-based methods and parametric methods

Timefrequency distributions

Theoretical background

Timefrequency distribution-based indices

Transient waveform distortions (bursts)

Theoretical background

Burst indices

Conclusions

References

Quantifying the quality of the overall supply voltage

Introduction

Global indices based on a comparison between ideal and actual voltages

The normalized RMS error

The normalized three-phase global index

The voltage quality deviation factor

Global indices based on the treatment of traditional indices

The global indicator

The unified power quality index

Global indices based on the economic impact on the customer

Comparisons of global indices

Conclusions

References

Distribution systems with dispersed generation

Introduction

Power quality variation indices

Site indices

System indices

Impact system indices

Conclusions

References

Economic aspects of power quality disturbances

Introduction

Economic impact of power quality disturbances

Cost of voltage dips in deterministic scenarios

Cost of harmonics in deterministic scenarios

Cost of voltage dips in probabilistic scenarios

Cost of harmonics in probabilistic scenarios

Some economic mechanisms for improving power quality levels

USA: a mechanism based on the harmonic-adjusted power factor

USA: a proposal based on the service quality index

Argentina: a mechanism based on the equivalence between voltage quality and continuity

Colombia: a mechanism based on the custome's perception of the impact of each disturbance

Iran: a proposal based on a penalty function depending on the type of customer

Italy: a mechanism based on the unified power quality index

Various countries: power quality contracts

Conclusions

References

Index

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