Power System Quality Assessment

by Arrillaga, Jos; Watson, Neville R.; Chen, S.

• ISBN13: 9780471988656
• ISBN10: 0471988650
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-04-07
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

This is a comprehensive and timely volume on power quality assessment and system reliability, a topic of increasing importance because of the dependence of modern life upon the continuous supply of electrical energy. Effective prediction and monitoring of voltage and current waveforms has become critical and this indispensable book introduces power engineers to the state of the art in power quality assessment and also covers system simulation and signal detection. Features include: * Comprehensive analysis of the main power quality problems and review of power quality standards * Examination of computer methods in use for power system simulation at harmonic frequencies * Discussion of modern signal processing techniques and their application to power quality instrumentation * Combination of continuous real-time monitoring and system simulation to achieve global power quality estimation and locate the main distorting sources. Practising engineers involved in power system design and operation will find this a valuable reference. Postgraduates and researchers studying power systems and power electronics will appreciate the clear and comprehensive coverage of the latest analytical techniques.

Author Biography

Jos Arrillaga is an experienced author, now an Emeritus Professor from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. He has written 10 books, including five for Wiley on the topic of electrical power systems, such as Power System Harmonics, Second Edition, Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems, Second Edition and High Voltage Direct Current Transmission. He has also written over 350 journal and conference papers. During the course of his career he has supervised around 50 PhD and 60 MSc/ME theses, most of them on the subject of high voltage direct current transmission, and he has also participated and convened several working groups. In 1997 he was awarded the Uno Lamm medal for outstanding contributions to HVDC transmission and he was in the New Years Honours list as a member of the New Zealand order of Merit.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Introduction	1	(18)
General Purpose	1	(1)
Disturbances	1	(4)
Voltage Dips (SAGS)	2	(1)
Brief Interruptions	2	(1)
Brief Voltage Increases (SWELLS)	3	(1)
Transients	3	(2)
Voltage Notches	5	(1)
Unbalance	5	(1)
Distortion	6	(5)
Small Sources	8	(1)
Large and Random Sources	8	(1)
Static Converters	9	(2)
Voltage Fluctuations	11	(1)
Flicker	12	(3)
Causes of Flicker	14	(1)
Effects of Flicker	15	(1)
Quality Assessment	15	(1)
Power Quality State Estimation	16	(1)
References	16	(3)
Power Quality Indices and Standards	19	(32)
Introduction	19	(1)
Classification of Power Quality Phenomena	20	(4)
Disturbances	24	(10)
High-frequency Disturbances: Transients	24	(4)
Low-frequency Disturbances: Dips, Interruptions and Swells	28	(2)
CBEMA and ITI Curves	30	(3)
R.M.S. Variation Indices	33	(1)
Waveform Distortions	34	(10)
Harmonics	35	(3)
Harmonic Indices	38	(2)
Interharmonics	40	(2)
Harmonic Phase-angle Measurement	42	(1)
Harmonic Symmetrical Components	43	(1)
Notching	43	(1)
Voltage Unbalance	44	(1)
Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker	44	(4)
Summary	48	(1)
References	48	(3)
Power Assessment Under Waveform Distortion	51	(14)
Introduction	51	(1)
Single-phase Definitions	51	(5)
Illustrative Examples	54	(2)
Three-phase Definitions	56	(6)
Illustrative Examples	58	(4)
Summary	62	(1)
References	62	(3)
Waveform Processing Techniques	65	(48)
Introduction	65	(1)
Fundamental Frequency Characterisation	65	(7)
Curve-fitting Algorithm (CFA)	66	(2)
Curve-fitting Implementation	68	(3)
Frequency Estimates	71	(1)
R.M.S. Error Assessment	71	(1)
Fourier Analysis	72	(18)
Fourier Series and Coefficients	72	(2)
Simplifications Resulting from Waveform Symmetry	74	(3)
Complex Form of the Fourier Series	77	(2)
Convolution of Harmonic Phasors	79	(2)
The Fourier Transform	81	(2)
Sampled Time Functions	83	(1)
Discrete Fourier Transform	84	(2)
The Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing	86	(2)
Fast Fourier Transform	88	(2)
Window Functions	90	(9)
The Picket Fence	92	(1)
Spectral Leakage Reduction	93	(1)
Choice of Window Function	93	(3)
Mainlobe Width Reduction	96	(1)
Application to Interharmonic Analysis	97	(2)
Efficiency of FFT Algorithms	99	(5)
The Radix-2 FFT	99	(1)
Mixed-radix FFT	100	(1)
Real-valued FFTs	101	(1)
Partial FFTs	102	(2)
Alternative Transforms	104	(6)
The Wavelet Transform	105	(4)
Automation of Disturbance Recognition	109	(1)
Summary	110	(1)
References	110	(3)
Power Quality Monitoring	113	(58)
Introduction	113	(1)
Transducers	113	(5)
Current Transformers	114	(1)
Voltage Transformers	115	(3)
Power Quality Instrumentation	118	(14)
System Requirements	119	(6)
System Structure Designs	125	(5)
Synchronisation of Sampling Processes Across Multiple Input Channels	130	(1)
Data Transmission	131	(1)
Harmonic Monitoring	132	(8)
Sampling for the FFT	133	(3)
Anti-aliasing Filtering	136	(1)
The FFT Implementation	137	(1)
(Quasi) Steady-state Harmonic Measurements	138	(1)
Interharmonics Measurement	139	(1)
Phase-angle Measurement	139	(1)
Transients Monitoring	140	(3)
Wavelet Detection	141	(2)
Event Recording	143	(1)
Flicker Monitoring	144	(11)
The IEC Flickermeter	144	(2)
Digital, Time-domain-based Flickermeter	146	(3)
Digital, f-domain-based Flickermeter	149	(2)
Arc-furnace Flicker Measurement	151	(1)
Steady-state Flicker Estimation	151	(4)
Assessment of Voltage and Current Unbalance	155	(1)
Examples of Application	156	(11)
South Island (NZ) Synchronised Tests	156	(7)
Group-connected HV d.c. Converter Test	163	(4)
Summary	167	(1)
References	167	(4)
Evaluation of Power System Harmonic Distortion	171	(58)
Introduction	171	(1)
Direct Harmonic Analysis	172	(4)
Incorporation of Harmonic Voltage Sources	174	(1)
Cascading Sections	174	(2)
Experimental Derivation of the Network Harmonic Impedances	176	(3)
Use of Existing Sources (On-line Non-invasive Tests)	176	(1)
Direct Injection (On-line Invasive Tests)	177	(1)
Analysis of Transient Waveforms (On-line Non-invasive Tests)	177	(2)
Representation of Individual Power System Components	179	(29)
The Overhead Transmission Line	179	(10)
Evaluation of Transmission Line Parameters	189	(4)
Underground and Submarine Cables	193	(3)
Three-phase Transformer Models	196	(5)
Generator Modelling	201	(1)
Shunt Elements	201	(1)
Series Elements	202	(1)
Distribution and Load System Modelling	202	(6)
Implementation of the Harmonic Analysis	208	(11)
Harmonic Penetration Overview	208	(1)
Computer Implementation	208	(1)
Program Structure	209	(3)
Data Structure	212	(2)
Database Format	214	(5)
Development Environment	219	(1)
Post-Processing and Display of Results	219	(7)
Post-Processing for Telephone Interference	220	(5)
Post-Processing for Test Results Comparisons	225	(1)
Summary	226	(1)
References	227	(2)
Power Quality State Estimation	229	(38)
Introduction	229	(2)
Harmonic Measurement---State Variable Model	231	(4)
Building Up the Measurement Matrix	232	(2)
Virtual and Pseudo-Measurements	234	(1)
Observability Analysis	235	(10)
Example of Application	238	(4)
Partially-Observable HSE	242	(1)
Conversion to a Real-valued Problem	242	(3)
III-conditioning	245	(1)
Further Capabilities of Harmonic State Estimation	245	(4)
Optimal Placement of Measurements	245	(1)
Bad-Data Analysis	246	(1)
Hierarchical HSE	246	(1)
Real-Time HSE	247	(1)
Enhanced Implementation	248	(1)
Test System and Results	249	(14)
Load and Harmonic Source Identification	258	(5)
Summary	263	(1)
References	264	(3)
Appendix I Signal Processing for Digital Instruments	267	(6)
I.1 Data Sampling	267	(1)
I.2 Signal Quantisation	268	(1)
I.3 Anti-Aliasing FIR Filter Design	269	(2)
I.4 References	271	(2)
Appendix II Continuous Harmonic Analysis in Real Time (CHART)	273	(4)
II.1 Bibliography	276	(1)
Appendix III Least Squares Fitting	277	(4)
III.1 Basic Method	277	(1)
III.2 Weighted Least Squares	278	(1)
III.3 Bibliography	279	(2)
Appendix IV Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)	281	(4)
IV.1 General Considerations	281	(1)
IV.2 SVD Factorisation	282	(1)
IV.3 Numerical Example	282	(1)
IV.4 Bibliography	283	(2)
Appendix V Kalman Filtering	285	(2)
V.1 Bibliography	286	(1)
Appendix VI HSE Demonstration	287	(10)
Index	297