Power Systems Analysis

by Bergen, Arthur R.; Vittal, Vijay

• ISBN13: 9780136919902
• ISBN10: 0136919901
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-06
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This is the first book on power system analysis to explore the major changes in the structure and operation of the electric utility industry, and to show how power system operation will be affected by the new changes. It reflects the trends in state-of-the-art,computer-basedpower system analysis and shows how to applyeach modern analysis toolin designing and improving an expansion of an existing power system.KEY FEATURES:Features a computer-based design example (carried out from chapter-to-chapter) which uses all the analysis. As the example develops, readers determine the parameter values for a proposed transmission system upgrade to support load growth and a new steel mill being located in the area; convert all the parameters to per unit -- the preferred choice of units for system analysis; determine typical parameters for the generators in the system being designed; develop the admittance matrix and the impedance matrix for the system being designed; conduct the power flow and check the designed system for possible violations, and appropriately modify the design; and conduct a contingency analysis on the designed system; analyze the behavior of the designed system under faulted condition; continue the design with a selection of relay settings to protect the system in the event of these faulted conditions; and perform a transient stability simulation on the system and verify the ability of the system to remain stable.For engineers working in the electric utility industry.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Background	1	(21)
Introduction	1	(1)
Electric Energy	1	(4)
Fossil-Fuel Plant	5	(5)
Nuclear Power Plant	10	(1)
Hydroelectric Power Plant	11	(1)
Other Energy Sources	12	(1)
Transmission and Distribution Systems	13	(5)
The Deregulated Electric Power Industry	18	(4)
Basic Principles	22	(31)
Introduction	22	(1)
Phasor Representation	22	(1)
Complex Power Supplied to a One-Port	23	(7)
Conservation of Complex Power	30	(5)
Balanced Three-Phase	35	(8)
Per Phase Analysis	43	(3)
Balanced Three-Phase Power	46	(1)
Summary	47	(6)
Transmission-Line Parameters	53	(37)
Introduction	53	(1)
Review of Magnetics	54	(3)
Flux Linkages of Infinite Straight Wire	57	(3)
Flux Linkages; Many-Conductor Case	60	(4)
Conductor Bundling	64	(3)
Transposition	67	(4)
Impedance of Three Phase Lines Including Ground Return	71	(4)
Review of Electric Fields	75	(1)
Line Capacitance	76	(5)
Determination of Line Parameters Using Tables	81	(3)
Typical Parameter Values	84	(1)
Summary	85	(5)
Transmission-Line Modeling	90	(37)
Introduction	90	(1)
Derivation of Terminal V, I Relations	90	(7)
Waves on Transmission Lines	97	(1)
Transmission Matrix	98	(1)
Lumped-Circuit Equivalent	99	(2)
Simplified Models	101	(2)
Complex Power Transmission (Short Line)	103	(7)
Complex Power Transmission (Radial Line)	110	(2)
Complex Power Transmission (Long or Medium Lines)	112	(1)
Power-Handling Capability of Lines	113	(3)
Summary	116	(11)
Transformer Modeling And The Per Unit System	127	(60)
Introduction	127	(1)
Single-Phase Transformer Model	127	(9)
Three-Phase Transformer connections	136	(6)
Per Phase Analysis	142	(8)
Normal Systems	150	(7)
Per Unit Normalization	157	(3)
Per Unit Three-Phase Quantities	160	(3)
Change of Base	163	(1)
Per Unit Analysis of Normal System	164	(6)
Regulating Transformers for Voltage and Phase Angle Control	170	(5)
Autotransformers	175	(2)
Transmission Line and Transformers	177	(2)
Summary	179	(8)
Generator Modeling I (Machine Viewpoint)	187	(28)
Introduction	187	(1)
Classical Machine Description	187	(2)
Voltage Generation	189	(1)
Open-Circuit Voltage	190	(3)
Armature Reaction	193	(3)
Terminal Voltage	196	(9)
Power Delivered by Generator	205	(3)
Synchronizing Generator to an Infinite Bus	208	(3)
Synchronous Condensor	211	(1)
Role of Synchronous Machine Excitation in Controlling Reactive Power	211	(1)
Summary	212	(3)
Generator Modelling II (Circuit Viewpoint)	215	(58)
Introduction	215	(1)
Energy Conversion	215	(6)
Application to Synchronous Machine	221	(5)
The Park Transformation	226	(3)
Park's Voltage Equation	229	(2)
Park's Mechanical Equation	231	(1)
Circuit Model	232	(3)
Instantaneous Power Output	235	(1)
Applications	235	(15)
Synchronous Operation	250	(5)
Steady-State Model	255	(1)
Simplified Dynamic Model	256	(9)
Generator Connected to Infinite Bus (Linear Model)	265	(4)
Summary	269	(4)
Voltage Control System	273	(21)
Introduction	273	(1)
Exciter System Block Diagram	274	(3)
Generator Models	277	(3)
Stability of Excitation System	280	(1)
Voltage Regulation	281	(3)
Generator Connected to Infinite Bus	284	(8)
Summary	292	(2)
Network Matrices	294	(29)
Introduction	294	(1)
Bus Admittance Matrix	294	(9)
Network Solution	303	(6)
Network Reduction (Kron Reduction)	309	(2)
YBUS Structure and Manipulation	311	(1)
Bus Impedance Matrix	311	(6)
Inverse Elements to Determine Columns of ZBUS	317	(2)
Summary	319	(4)
Power Flow Analysis	323	(52)
Introduction	323	(2)
Power Flow Equations	325	(2)
The Power Flow Problem	327	(3)
Solution by Gauss Iteration	330	(6)
More General Iteration Scheme	336	(3)
Newton-Raphson Iteration	339	(4)
Application to Power Flow Equations	343	(9)
Decoupled Power Flow	352	(4)
Control Implications	356	(4)
Regulating Transformers in Powers Flow Analysis	360	(4)
Power Flow Solutions for Large Power Systems	364	(2)
Summary	366	(9)
Automatic Generation Control And The New Market Environment	375	(70)
Introduction	375	(2)
Power Control System Modeling	377	(7)
Application to Single Machine-Infinite Bus System	384	(1)
Simplified Analysis of Power Control System	385	(3)
Power Control, Multigenerator case	388	(3)
Special Case: Two Generating Units	391	(4)
Division of Power Into Control Areas	395	(5)
Formulation of the Economic Dispatch Problem	400	(5)
Classical Economic Dispatch (Line Losses Neglected)	405	(6)
Generator Limits Included	411	(5)
Line Losses Considered	416	(5)
Calculation of Penalty Factors	421	(8)
Economic Issues and Mechanisms in the New Market Environment	429	(4)
Transmission Issues and Effects in the New Market Environment	433	(8)
Summary	441	(4)
Unbalanced System Operation	445	(50)
Introduction	445	(1)
Symmetrical Components	446	(5)
Use of Symmetrical Components for Fault Analysis	451	(4)
Sequence Network Connections for Different Types of Faults	455	(6)
More General Fault Circuit Analysis	461	(1)
Power from Sequence Variables	462	(1)
Sequence Representation of Y and δ Connected Circuit	463	(3)
Generator Models for Sequence Networks	466	(3)
Transformer Models for Sequence Networks	469	(2)
Sequence Representation of Transmission Lines	471	(4)
Assembly of Sequence Networks	475	(2)
Fault Analysis for Realistic Power System Model	477	(5)
Matrix Methods	482	(4)
Summary	486	(9)
System Protection	495	(33)
Introduction	495	(2)
Protection of Radial Systems	497	(7)
System with Two Sources	504	(4)
Impedance (Distance) Relays	508	(4)
Modified Impedance Relays	512	(2)
Differential Protection of Generators	514	(2)
Differential Protection of Transformers	516	(2)
Differential Protection of Buses and Lines	518	(1)
Overlapping Zones of Protection	519	(1)
Sequence Filters	520	(2)
Computer Relaying	522	(3)
Summary	525	(3)
Power System Stability	528	(52)
Introduction	528	(1)
Model	529	(3)
Energy Balance	532	(4)
Linearization of Swing Equation	536	(2)
Solution of Nonlinear Swing Equation	538	(11)
Other Applications	549	(5)
Extension to Two-Machine Case	554	(2)
Multimachine Application	556	(7)
Multimachine Stability Studies	563	(12)
Summary	575	(5)
APPENDICES	580	(32)
Appendix 1:Reluctance	580	(1)
Appendix 2:Force Generation in a Solenoid	581	(3)
Appendix 3:Method of Lagrange Multipliers	584	(2)
Appendix 4:Root-Locus Method	586	(7)
Appendix 5:Negative- and Zero-Sequence Impedances of synchronous Machines	593	(6)
Appendix 6:Inversion Formula	599	(2)
Appendix 7:Modification of Impedance Matrices	601	(4)
Appendix 8:Data for Transmission Line Parameters	605	(7)
Selected Bibliography	612	(2)
Index	614